We describe the behavior of a single zone atom interferometer, implemented via cold atoms released from a trap and falling under gravity through a pair of bichromatic counter-propagating fields, and experimental efforts to realize it.
We demonstrate experimentally that our proposed hybrid opto-electronic correlator is capable of detecting objects in a scale, rotation, and shift invariant manner using currently available technologies by incorporating the polar Mellin transform.
We demonstrate the use of angle multiplexed holograms for wavelength division multiplexing in free space optical communications, with application to absorption based monocular passive ranging using three simultaneous and superimposed spectral filters.
Abstract Integrating the inversions of simultaneously acquired deep and ultra-deep logging while drilling (LWD) azimuthal resistivity measurements can improve the resolution of the overlapping volume under investigation and reduce uncertainty in the far field volume model reconstruction. Both are key tools for precise placement of horizontal wells, the recent enhancements in the downhole tools include surface processing algorithms and advanced visualization techniques that allow higher confidence in well placement decisions through improved understanding of subsurface geology and orientation of sand channels in real-time. The high-definition multi-layer inversion capability of a new generation deep resistivity tool has been utilized along with the 1D and 3D ultra-deep resistivity inversion for a separate established tool, providing detailed visualization of formations both near wellbore and in the far field. Both technologies were compared in reservoirs with varying resistivity profiles and thicknesses. In addition, the resistivity anisotropy analysis from ultra-deep 3D inversion was utilized to confirm lithology around the wellbore differentiating anisotropic shale zones from other lithologies of similar low resistivity. Ultra-deep 3D inversions were processed with fine scale cell sizes and then used to validate the high-resolution deep resistivity inversion results. The integration of multiple inversions with varying capabilities enabled resolving thin reservoir layers in a low-resistivity, low-contrast environment, providing superior resolution within the overlapping volumes of investigation of the deep and ultra-deep resistivities. Customization of the ultra-deep 3D inversion successfully enabled geo-mapping of 1-2 ft thick layers and was used to validate the high-resolution deep resistivity 1D inversion. The increasingly challenging geo-steering decision-making process in a complex drilling environment was addressed by employing the advancement in LWD technologies providing higher signal to noise ratios, multiple frequencies and transmitter-receiver spacings augmented with customized inversions providing superior results. This paper demonstrates the added value, to identify, map and navigate thin reservoir zones. A novel workflow has been developed to improve resolution in deep and ultra-deep resistivity mapping, enabling the identification of thin laminations around the wellbore capitalizing on the latest advancements in LWD geo-steering technologies.
ABSTRACT: Evaluation of hole conditions is a key measurement for safe drilling and completion operations. Acquiring an accurate hole size measurement has been traditionally performed using wireline mechanical calipers deployed after drilling operations have been completed. This paper demonstrates how logging-while-drilling (LWD) ultrasonic sensors can be used to provide a time-lapse (4D) alternative azimuthal measurement of hole size, enabling data acquisition in different phases of drilling and tripping operations. LWD ultrasonic caliper measures the travel time and computes the tool's stand-off to the wellbore wall. Acquiring azimuthal data around the wellbore during different logging passes enables acquisition of 4D caliper information. After being calibrated inside casing, the ultrasonic sensor provides azimuthal travel-time images, based on which minimum, maximum, and average hole sizes can be computed. Data have been acquired in drilling, trip-in, and trip-out modes and compared to wireline-oriented calipers. The data has been evaluated considering time-dependent deterioration, washout, and breakout developments. Recently introduced LWD slim ultrasonic imaging and caliper tools have multiple transducers and fast sampling rates. The hardware and algorithm design improves the hole size computation and wellbore evaluation. The tools provide a viable alternative to wireline mechanical calipers. While field data showed a good match in competent formations, differences between data acquired in multiple LWD logging passes and wireline mechanical caliper runs have provided 4D caliper information for evaluating time-dependent changes in hole conditions enabling future optimization of well construction. This paper illustrates the utilization of LWD ultrasonic sensors integrated as part of the drilling assembly to provide a 4D azimuthal measurement of hole size at different times, during drilling and tripping in and out of the hole. Introduction Maintaining stable and competent wellbores is essential for safe and successful drilling, logging, and completion of oil and gas wells. Wellbore instabilities can also cause unplanned operational delays and unnecessary costs. Well instability can also increase with an increase in well inclination, leading to higher costs in high-angle well operations. which may negate the benefit of horizontal drilling techniques (Aadony and Looyeh, 2010).
Permeability is a fundamental petrophysical attribute required to accurately evaluate recoverable reserves and design an appropriate field-development strategy. Because logging tools do not measure absolute permeability, minimizing uncertainty in the evaluation of log-derived permeabilities remains one of the most critical petrophysical challenges in the oil industry. Horizontal development in laterally heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs also requires evaluation of lateral permeability variations to optimize completion design while maximizing reservoir exposure via precise well placement in real time. This paper demonstrates innovative methods to evaluate lateral permeability variations in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs. The workflow for log-derived permeability predictions is based on empirical relationships using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution imaging tool measurements. These are normalized in an integrated multidisciplinary approach using core, well test, production logs, and formation-tester mobility data where available. Traditionally, formation-tester tools have been used to obtain single-pressure and mobility values at each test station. The logging-while-drilling (LWD) formation tester can be oriented azimuthally to help evaluate permeability anisotropy, which is a key factor for reservoir characterization in laterally heterogeneous reservoir layers. The oriented data can also be used to adjust the well plan in real time to maximize reservoir exposure in the desired “sweet spot.” Variations in the oriented LWD formation-tester measurements at each depth station exhibited favorable correlations to azimuthal changes observed in the LWD high-resolution microresistivity image. Detailed image analysis further helped to understand the mechanism that governs the azimuthal permeability profile. The combination of oriented LWD formation-tester and high-resolution image data also aided in making better real-time geosteering decisions, as well as in the planning and design of a future field-development program within the local reservoir sector. Operational considerations to maximize data quality rely on an optimized bottomhole assembly (BHA) design, accurate depth control, and robust orientation techniques based on best practices and lessons learned. This paper presents an integrated approach for well placement and an improved understanding of flow-unit characterization via the first-time use of oriented formation-tester data in conjunction with corresponding high-resolution images in a laterally heterogeneous reservoir.
We demonstrate experimentally that our proposed hybrid opto-electronic correlator is capable of detecting objects in a scale, rotation, and shift invariant manner using currently available technologies by incorporating the polar Mellin transform.