An increase in electricity demand has sparked a new trend to restructure energy markets as consumer-centric marketplaces. One of the possible techniques for establishing decentralized energy market models is peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading. In P2P energy trading, market players are encouraged to trade energy among themselves through direct negotiations. This paper presents a decentralized P2P model of energy trading considering price differentiation in the smart grid. Price differentiation offers different pricing for different market players based on their demands and preferences. Here, market participants exchange energy at decided price to optimize their welfare without exceeding constraints. Simulation studies are used to analyze the effectiveness of the proposed approach. To validate the efficiency of the proposed method, P2P energy trading with price differentiation results are compared with the results of P2P energy trading without price differentiation. It is clearly observed that the social welfare of the market players with price differentiation is increased by 49.64%
Long duration electricity storage (LDES) with 10+ hour cycle duration is an economically competitive option to accelerate the penetration of renewable energy into the utility market. Unfortunately, none of the available energy storage technologies can meet the LDES’ requirements for duration and cost. We here report a focused kinetic study on Fe-oxide reduction process, which is a key step for solid oxide iron-air battery; the latter has been recently demonstrated as a LDES compatible battery. The study clearly shows that Ir is an excellent catalyst to boost the sluggish Fe-oxide reduction kinetics.
Long duration energy storage (LDES) is economically attractive to accelerate widespread renewable energy deployment. But none of the existing energy storage technologies can meet LDES cost requirements. The newly emerged solid oxide iron air battery (SOIAB) with energy-dense solid Fe as an energy storage material is a competitive LDES-suitable technology compared to conventional counterparts. However, the performance of SOIAB is critically limited by the kinetics of Fe 3 O 4 reduction (equivalent to charging process) and the understanding of this kinetic bottleneck is significantly lacking in the literature. Here, we report a systematic kinetic study of Fe 3 O 4 -to-Fe reduction in H 2 /H 2 O environment, particularly the effect of catalyst (iridium) and supporting oxides (ZrO 2 and BaZr 0.4 Ce 0.4 Y 0.1 Yb 0.1 O 3 ). With in situ created Fe 3 O 4 , the degree of reduction is measured by the change of H 2 O and H 2 concentrations in the effluent using a mass spectrometer, from which the kinetic rate constant is extracted as a function of inlet H 2 concentration and temperature. We find that kinetics can be nicely described by Johson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) model. We also discuss the stepwise reduction mechanisms and activation energy for the reduction process.
Abstract Long duration energy storage (LDES) is an economically attractive approach to accelerating clean renewable energy deployment. The newly emerged solid oxide iron–air battery (SOIAB) is intrinsically suited for LDES applications due to its excellent low‐rate performance (high‐capacity with high efficiency) and use of low‐cost and sustainable materials. However, rechargeability and durability of SOIAB are critically limited by the slow kinetics in iron/iron‐oxide redox couples. Here the use of combined proton‐conducting BaZr 0.4 Ce 0.4 Y 0.1 Yb 0.1 O 3 (BZC4YYb) and reduction‐promoting catalyst Ir to address the kinetic issues, is reported. It is shown that, benefiting from the facilitated H + diffusion and boosted FeO x ‐reduction kinetics, the battery operated under 550 °C, 50% Fe‐utilization and 0.2 C, exhibits a discharge specific energy density of 601.9 Wh kg –1 ‐Fe with a round‐trip efficiency (RTE) of 82.9% for 250 h of a cycle duration of 2.5 h. Under 500 °C, 50% Fe‐utilization and 0.2 C, the same battery exhibits 520 Wh kg –1 ‐Fe discharge energy density with an RTE of 61.8% for 500 h. This level of energy storage performance promises that SOIAB is a strong candidate for LDES applications.
Long duration electricity storage (LDES) with 10+ hour cycle duration is an economically competitive option to accelerate the penetration of renewable energy into the utility market. Unfortunately, none of the available energy storage technologies can meet the LDES’ requirements for duration and cost. The benchmark Li-ion technology can only store and discharge up to 4-hour energy, beyond which it would be cost prohibitive. In this presentation, a new solid-oxide iron-air batteries (SOIABs) with energy-dense solid iron as the energy storage material is shown to have inherent advantages for LDES applications. The presentation will start with the working principle of the SOIAB, baseline performance and bottlenecks of this new technology. It will then show that with a small amount of IrO 2 (or Ir during operation) catalyst added into the energy store “Fe-bed”, a lab-size (f1′′) SOIAB can achieve an energy density of 625 Wh/kg, 12.5-hour cycle duration and 90% of round-trip efficiency under LDES-related working conditions. Given the excellent low-rate performance and the use of earth-abundant, low-cost Fe as the energy storage material, we finally conclude that SOIAB is a well-suited battery technology for LDES applications.
Long-duration energy storage (LDES) (10+ hours) is widely regarded as an enabling technology to deepen the penetration of renewable energy into the commercial utility market. However, the current storage technologies cannot achieve LDES’s duration requirement at a competitive cost. Therefore, new LDES technologies are highly sought after in recent years. Solid oxide iron air battery is a newly emerging battery based on oxide-ion chemistry and stores energy in energy-dense solid iron. Our recent results have shown that the battery in a laboratory size (f1”) delivers 12.5-hour storage per cycle for 20 cycles with high energy capacity and round-trip efficiency. This presentation focuses on the description of a high-fidelity 2D axis symmetrical multi-physics model to simulate the performance of a solid oxide iron air battery. The model battery system consists of an anode-supported solid oxide cell and energy storage unit (ESU) of iron bed with a proton conducting oxide BaZr 0.4 Ce 0.4 Y 0.1 Yb 0.1 O 3 (BZC4YYb) based support and iridium as a catalyst. The Multiphysics model encompasses charge transfer, mass transport, and chemical redox kinetic cycle occurring across all components of the battery and is validated with experimental results. The kinetic JMA (Johnson-Mehl-Avrami) model is used for describing the oxidation and reduction kinetics of Fe-BZC4YYb-IrO 2 ESU. The motivation for combing the I r catalyst with proton conductor oxide support in ESU is to boost the sluggish FeO x reduction kinetics. Compared to the baseline ESU, i.e. Fe 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 , the newly developed BZC4YYb-IrO 2 shows great catalytic activity toward FeO x reduction, thus allowing SOIAB to operate at 500-550 o C with excellent capacity, stability, and high round trip efficiency. The presentation will also show the experimental data of improved reduction kinetic rate of Fe-BZC4YYb-IrO 2 over the baseline Fe 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 .
Energy trading among peers has become the new standard for power systems operating, allowing local energy exchange between individuals. It predicts lowering peak demand, decreasing network loss, and minimizing energy costs while assisting the grid. The concept appears to be promising for the future given that electricity consumption is continuously increasing in a nation like India. This paper described the current status of P2P energy sharing in India. It mainly focused on the challenges such as market establishment, security, cyberattacks, cost, while implementing trading mechanisms. Also, it emphasized the physical and virtual layers challenges in the P2P energy trading network. Further, this article highlighted consumers' costs and producers' revenue while participating in P2P energy trading.
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