Plants encounter many stress factors which affect their growth and development throughout their lifecycles because of their sessile nature.These stress conditions which can be originated by biotic and abiotic factors can adversely affect the quantity and quality of the product with leading to physiological and biochemical damage to crops.Plants have molecular response mechanisms for protecting and reducing negative effects of stress factors and these mechanisms can be divided in three groups, including homeostasis of ions and macromolecules, synthesis of protective molecules and formation and detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Glaucium taxa were investigated in terms of their morphological, palynological and phylogenetical characteristic. The results of this study show differences between the taxa in some of these characteristics, especially in micromorphology and formation of clades in phylogenetic trees based on the matK and ITS3-6 DNA sequence data. Based on the findings of the molecular analyses supported by morphological data (stem’s trichomes),the genus Glaucium of Turkey was divided into subsections Glabrousae and Pubescentae.
Abstract— In Turkey, the genus Bolanthus is represented by 10 endemic taxa. Some interesting Bolanthus specimens were collected from Afyonkarahisar province. After examining the literature and herbarium specimens, it was found that these specimens resemble Bolanthus thymoides but differ from this species by several characters. The newly collected specimens and B. thymoides were compared with each other in terms of their general morphology and seed micromorphology. By using DNA sequences of the ITS and trnL ‐ trnF regions, phylogenetic relationships between this collected species and the other species distributed in Turkey were investigated. As a result of the evaluation of the molecular and morphological data, it was evident that the specimens collected from Afyonkarahisar represent a new species, and this new species has been named B. aziz-sancarii .
Ethylene insensitive-3 (EIN3) / Ethylene insensitive-3-like (EIL) protein family is a small family of transcription factors specific to plants that play role in plant growth and development under various environmental conditions. In this study, various bioinformatics approaches were used to make an in-depth identification of the EIN3/EIL family at both the gene and protein levels. So, 11 Pvul-EIL genes were identified and their approximate locations were determined. Various biochemical and physicochemical properties of EIL proteins in Phaseolus vulgaris have been described. It was determined that Pvul-EIL proteins had a length of 447-651 amino acids and a molecular weight of 51.08-70.68 kDa. All duplications occurring in the Pvul-EIL genome were segmental type. It was observed that conserved motif, gene structure and phylogeny analyses all yielded similar results. For instance, it has been understood that genes with same motif type and number have similar gene structures and were located under the same branch in the phylogenetic tree. Pvul-EIL protein homology modeling showed that DNA binding properties and protein structure were similar to Arabidopsis EIN3. According to cis-element analysis, Pvul-EIL genes are engaged in a wide range of functions, including tissue-specific, stress, and hormone-sensitive expression. Additionally, RNAseq data was used to perform a comparative expression analysis of EIL genes. Various Pvul-EIL gene expression levels were detected under salt and drought stress. This is the first study to check the gene expression levels in P. vulgaris using in-silico detection and characterization of EIL genes. Therefore, obtained results can form the basis for future studies.
Drought represents a major global threat to the environment, thus leading to food insecurity. Transcription factors (TFs) have a significant role in regulating the expression of stress-related genes. TALE genes, a type of TF, are known to regulate important biological processes like the maintenance of shoot apical meristems and root formation in plants. In this study, 35 TALE genes were identified and they were found to be categorized into KNOX-like homeodomain (KNOX) and BLH/BELL-like subfamilies in Phaseolus vulgaris according to the phylogenetic analysis. The detailed characterization of PvTALE genes using in silico analyzes further showed that segmental duplications predominate in the evolution of TALE subfamilies and greatly contribute to the large-scale amplification of the gene family. Gene duplications, syntenic relationships, and Ka/Ks ratio suggest an intense purifying selection pressure during evolution of PvTALEs. Furthermore, it was discovered that PvTALEs are regulated by a number miRNAs and cis-elements which are playing important roles in stress response signaling pathways in plants. PvTALE genes showed tissue specific expression patterns and were found to be differentially expressed in response to drought stress conditions. Proline levels were measured in different tissues of P. vulgaris and were found to be accumulated under drought stress. Based on the obtained findings, it could be concluded that PvTALE genes may contribute to plant growth and drought stress resistance. The basis of the roles and resistance mechanisms of the PvTALE gene family were clarified with this first complete genome-wide study of its kind in P. vulgaris.
