The fruit and seed set as well as the occurrence of empty seeds in diploids, tetraploids and their crosses in five varieties of grapes were studied. Ovule lengths at certain intervals after anthesis in the diploid and tetraploid of one variety have been presented to indicate development of ovules. Late abortions of ovules resulting in empty seededness in tetraploids were found to be related to the shortening of period II of berry growth, earlier and greater accumulation of TSS, the earlier onset of period III and the higher rate of growth of the ovary. The consequent lack of adjustment between the pace of growth of endosperm and the ovary probably led to somatoplasitc sterility.
This work compares different solutions using Extremely High Frequencies (EHF) for broadband satellite communications. Advantages and drawbacks of each solution are discussed accounting for the most important features needed to achieve very high capacity systems (i.e. multibeam capabilities, bandwidth, signal attenuations and impairments) and the most important features needed for commercial success (i.e. use cases, cost per bit, cost of the terminal).
Experiments conducted in 1965 and-1967 on the effect of pruning severity and certain fertilizer treatments on fruit bud initiation in Pusa Seedless under Delhi conditions showed that: Fruit bud initiation commenced between the first and second week of April, and the time taken from pruning was 66 to 74 days, and from bud burst it was 45 to 53 days. At the time of fruit bud initiation, the shoots were carrying fully developed inflorescences, many of which were in full bloom. Thus both the development of the current season's crop as well as the inflorescence primordia for the next year occur simultaneously. The primordia showed full development by October though the differentiation of floral parts did not occur until after bud burst. The severity of pruning past season's canes to 3 or 9 buds or 'no pruning' did not exert any influence on the time of fruit bud initiation. No difference was noticed between the basal and apical buds in the rate of development of primordia. Dissection of buds prior to pruning and forecasting the fruiting potential was found to agree closely with the actual yields, the difference between the predicted and actual values being 11-19 percent. Fruiting shoots of the current season were found capable of initiating fruit buds for the succeeding season also to the extent of 10 to 100 per cent. There were also instances of the fruitfulness in such shoots being reduced from zero to 10 percent. Non-bearing shoots of the current season were not necessarily fruitful in the following season. Among 8 fertilizer treatments with two levels each of N, P and K, three combinations, viz., N 1 P 0 K 1 N 1 P 1 K 0 and N 1 P 1 K 1 showed significantly higher fruitfulness than N 0 P 0 K 0 . Indications of earlier fruitfulness were also obtained in the treatment N 1 P 1 K 1 .
This paper presents AlphaGarden: an autonomous polyculture garden that prunes and irrigates living plants in a 1.5m x 3.0m physical testbed. AlphaGarden uses an overhead camera and sensors to track the plant distribution and soil moisture. We model individual plant growth and interplant dynamics to train a policy that chooses actions to maximize leaf coverage and diversity. For autonomous pruning, AlphaGarden uses two custom-designed pruning tools and a trained neural network to detect prune points. We present results for four 60-day garden cycles. Results suggest AlphaGarden can autonomously achieve 0.96 normalized diversity with pruning shears while maintaining an average canopy coverage of 0.86 during the peak of the cycle. Code, datasets, and supplemental material can be found at https://github.com/BerkeleyAutomation/AlphaGarden.
Five out of the ten tetraploid varieties of grapes produced at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, came to fruiting. All of them matured earlier than their diploids. Detailed investigation in two of the varieties revealed that in the tetraploids, period II of the growth of berries was shortened, rates of period III growth were higher, TSS accumulated earlier and all the seeds were floating seeds (empty). It appeared that the late abortion of seeds resulting in empty seededness and earliness of maturity of bunch were associated with each other.
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