The bending problem of thin film/substrate composite subjected to thermal load is studied. The relation between the thermal expansion coefficient of conductive thin films, temperature and deformation of specimen surfaces is derived in this paper. Based on the findings, a method for measuring the thermal expansion coefficient of conductive thin films is developed. The thermal expansion coefficient of conductive thin films has been measured by applying the method in a thermal bend test.
In order to realize the sustainable development of society, building energy consumption has become a global concern.In buildings, occupants adaptive behaviors that means how to use the buildings have an very important influence on the building energy use.The researches of occupants adaptive behaviors have been carried out for more than 30 years in Europe, including England, Switzerland, Denmark and so on.In past 10 years, many Chinese scholars also started to study on this field.This paper reviewed the articles of occupants adaptive behaviors in china and summerized the current development situations then discussed the proper development direction in the future that can give some advises and references for the future study.
To improve the energy efficiency of underground metro stations, and in view of the absence of a comprehensive energy performance evaluation system for underground stations, this study introduced building Energy Performance Certification (EPC) tools into underground stations and conducted a comparative analysis of their applicability. The findings indicated that due to the unique characteristics of underground stations, China’s current EPC system was inapplicable to them. Specifically, (1) for basic items, although evaluation methods were available, due to the limited energy use data for the statistical method, the self-reference method was preferred, but its calculation encountered issues with missing reference values; (2) for prescribed items, the emphasis should be placed on the energy efficiency requirements of energy use systems rather than those of the thermal performance of envelopes; (3) for alternative items, the energy recovery measures related to the heat dissipation of trains and the piston wind should be addressed. Furthermore, a case study was conducted for verification of the proposed energy evaluation method, and the EPC system was updated based on the results of the comparison. The authors hope that this study will help improve China’s energy evaluation methods for underground stations and serve as a reference for expanding the EPC system to include public transportation buildings.
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)