Daylength is a key seasonal cue for animals and plants. In cereals, photoperiodic responses are a major adaptive trait, and alleles of clock genes such as PHOTOPERIOD1 (PPD1) and EARLY FLOWERING3 (ELF3) have been selected for in adapting barley and wheat to northern latitudes. How monocot plants sense photoperiod and integrate this information into growth and development is not well understood.We find that phytochrome C (PHYC) is essential for flowering in Brachypodium distachyon. Conversely, ELF3 acts as a floral repressor and elf3 mutants display a constitutive long day phenotype and transcriptome. We find that ELF3 and PHYC occur in a common complex. ELF3 associates with the promoters of a number of conserved regulators of flowering, including PPD1 and VRN1. Consistent with observations in barley, we are able to show that PPD1 overexpression accelerates flowering in short days and is necessary for rapid flowering in response to long days. PHYC is in the active Pfr state at the end of the day, but we observe it undergoes dark reversion over the course of the night.We propose that PHYC acts as a molecular timer and communicates information on night-length to the circadian clock via ELF3.
Tandem affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry (TAP-MS) analysis is a powerful biochemical approach to identify protein-protein associations. Here we describe two datasets generated by a series of TAP-MS analyses to co-purify proteins associated with either ELF3 or ELF4 of the Evening Complex (EC) ("Identification of Evening Complex Associated Proteins in Arabidopsis by Affinity Purification and Mass Spectrometry" (Huang et al., 2016a) [1]) or proteins associated with PCH1, which is a newly identified output of the circadian clock to regulate photoperiodic growth in Arabidopsis thaliana ("PCH1 integrates circadian and light-signaling pathways to control photoperiod-responsive growth in Arabidopsis" (Huang et al. 2016b) [2]). We used either ELF3, ELF4 or PCH1 fused to a C-terminal tandem affinity tag (6xHis-3xFLAG) as baits and conducted purifications in various genetic mutant backgrounds. These data are discussed in recent publications [1,2], and are deposited at the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier PRIDE: PXD002606 (for EC) and PRIDE: PXD003352 (for PCH1).
Paenibacillus dauci sp.nov., a new kind of endophytic actinobacteria, is separated from the inner tissues of carrot sample, which forms intimated associations with carrot acting as biological control agents.Here we report a 5.37-Mb assembly of its genome sequence and other useful information, including the coding sequences (CDSs) responsible for biological processes such as antibiotic metabolic process, antimicrobial metabolism, anaerobic regulation and the biosynthesis of vitamin B and polysaccharide.This novel strain can be a potential source of novel lead products for exploitation in the field of pharmaceutical, agriculture and industry.
Many species possess an endogenous circadian clock to synchronize internal physiology with an oscillating external environment. In plants, the circadian clock coordinates growth, metabolism and development over daily and seasonal time scales. Many proteins in the circadian network form oscillating complexes that temporally regulate myriad processes, including signal transduction, transcription, protein degradation and post-translational modification. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a tripartite complex composed of EARLY FLOWERING 4 (ELF4), EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3), and LUX ARRHYTHMO (LUX), named the evening complex, modulates daily rhythms in gene expression and growth through transcriptional regulation. However, little is known about the physical interactions that connect the circadian system to other pathways. We used affinity purification and mass spectrometry (AP-MS) methods to identify proteins that associate with the evening complex in A. thaliana. New connections within the circadian network as well as to light signaling pathways were identified, including linkages between the evening complex, TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION1 (TOC1), TIME FOR COFFEE (TIC), all phytochromes and TANDEM ZINC KNUCKLE/PLUS3 (TZP). Coupling genetic mutation with affinity purifications tested the roles of phytochrome B (phyB), EARLY FLOWERING 4, and EARLY FLOWERING 3 as nodes connecting the evening complex to clock and light signaling pathways. These experiments establish a hierarchical association between pathways and indicate direct and indirect interactions. Specifically, the results suggested that EARLY FLOWERING 3 and phytochrome B act as hubs connecting the clock and red light signaling pathways. Finally, we characterized a clade of associated nuclear kinases that regulate circadian rhythms, growth, and flowering in A. thaliana. Coupling mass spectrometry and genetics is a powerful method to rapidly and directly identify novel components and connections within and between complex signaling pathways.
Conventional crossbreeding remains an effective technique for chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.) breeding. However, there are always many problems when breeding chrysanthemum because of its complex genetic background, such as difficulty matching parents, selecting superior hybrid progenies, quantitatively describing certain target traits, and evaluating breeding results. A recent mathematical analysis method is an effective method for evaluating plant breeding progress. In this study, we used 505 multiflora chrysanthemum germplasm resources as test materials; we divided the flowering time into five groups using a grading analysis method, including extremely early group (genotypes that flowered when daylength was longer than 13.5 hours), early group (genotypes that flowered when daylength was 13.5–12.0 hours), medium group (genotypes that flowered when daylength was 12.0–11.0 hours), late group (genotypes that flowered when daylength was 11.0–10.0 hours), and extremely late group (genotypes that flowered when daylength was shorter than 10.0 hours). Moreover, the breeding objective was to breed early-flowering genotypes. Using 15 phenotypic characters as evaluation factors, 37 excellent genotypes, including four early-flowering genotypes, were screened out from the aforementioned resources according to an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and weighting of the gray relational grade. We selected one early-flowering genotype and eight medium-flowering genotypes from these 37 genotypes and matched six hybridized combinations based on the genetic distance between genotypes calculated by the Q cluster analysis method. We used a comprehensive evaluation method combining AHP and the gray relational analysis (GRA) method for the evaluation of 367 progenies. Moreover, we screened out 52 superior hybrids, including 36 early-flowering hybrids. The results of this study demonstrate that the mathematical analysis method is an immensely effective method to breed new cultivars of early-flowering multiflora chrysanthemum. This study also provides an effective method to define and improve the flowering time of other cultivated plants.
【Objective】An experiment was conducted to study the molecular mechanism of Chrysanthemum morifolium 'Zihe' response to the white rust,and to screen the white rust resistance genes.【Method】 Infections were conducted by spraying the C.morifolium 'Zihe' leaves with suspension of 106 white rust sporangia per mL pure water for 3,6,12,24,48,72,96 h.cDNA-AFLP was used to moniter the gene expression under the white rust infections,and RT-PCR was used to validate the gene expression patterns.RACE method was used to get two fully cDNA sequences encoding 14-3-3 proteins,and phylogenetic analysis was also performed.【Result】 Seventy-six primer combinations were used to investigate 4 950 cDNA fragments.After sequencing of 80 ESTs,the nucleic acid sequences of 51 ESTs were obtained,and among them,18 ESTs were obtained,and showed homologous to the resistance-related genes of other species.These 18 ESTs were sorted into six functional categories: disease resistance protein,signal transduction,photosynthesis and photorespiration,retroelement polyprotein-like,senescence and metabolism pathways.RT-PCR showed that the cDNA-AFLP results was accurate and believable.Furthermore,two fully cDNA sequences of genes encoding 14-3-3 proteins were obtained: CmGFR01,CmGFR02.These two genes were 1 062 and 1 098 bp,encoded ORFs of 260 and 271 amino-acid residues.Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CmGFR01 and CmGFR02 might belong to a new subfamily of the higher plants 14-3-3 genes family.【Conclusion】Gene expression profiling in response to white rust and differentially expressed genes of C.morifolium 'Zihe' were identified via cDNA-AFLP analysis.These genes could help us to understand the mechanism of response of plants to white rust.Furthermore,the isolated two genes,CmGFR01 and CmGFR02,could be used for the gene enigeering of the cultivated chrysanthemum resistance to the biotic stresses.
Abstract Cultivated chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.) is a beloved ornamental crop due to the diverse capitula types among varieties, but the molecular mechanism of capitulum development remains unclear. Here, we report a 2.60 Gb chromosome-scale reference genome of C. lavandulifolium, a wild Chrysanthemum species found in China, Korea and Japan. The evolutionary analysis of the genome revealed that only recent tandem duplications occurred in the C. lavandulifolium genome after the shared whole genome triplication (WGT) in Asteraceae. Based on the transcriptomic profiling of six important developmental stages of the radiate capitulum in C. lavandulifolium, we found genes in the MADS-box, TCP, NAC and LOB gene families that were involved in disc and ray floret primordia differentiation. Notably, NAM and LOB30 homologs were specifically expressed in the radiate capitulum, suggesting their pivotal roles in the genetic network of disc and ray floret primordia differentiation in chrysanthemum. The present study not only provides a high-quality reference genome of chrysanthemum but also provides insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the diverse capitulum types in chrysanthemum.
Abstract The cut chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat.) is one of the most recognized cut flowers in the world. Light quality significantly affects the development and growth of plants. To conduct an in-depth investigation of the effects of light quality on the growth and development of cut chrysanthemums, seedlings of the cut chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Riqietaohong’ were cultured under four different light emitting diode (LED) systems: red (R), blue (B), red : blue = 2:1 (RB) and blue : red = 2:1 (BR). A fluorescent lamp was used for control group lighting. The Duncan multiple comparisons analysis showed that the B light promoted stem and leaf development of seedlings but inhibited photosynthesis. The R light stimulated their rooting but inhibited the accumulation of biomass. RB improved transpiration. Moreover, a comprehensive evaluation system that combined the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method with the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) method indicated that the photosynthesis index, transpiration index and biomass index were the most important indicators for the growth and development of cut chrysanthemums, and RB was the best LED system for cut chrysanthemums. The present study provides references for the lower energy consumption and industrial annual production of cut chrysanthemums.
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