Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the quality of sedation with three different anaesthetic protocols (alfaxalone combined with butorphanol, methadone or pethidine) administered intramuscularly in cats, and to evaluate the influence of the injection site (between supraspinatus and quadriceps muscles) on the onset and quality of sedation. Methods A total of 151 cats were selected for this study. Cats were sedated with alfaxalone (3 mg/kg) combined with either butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg; n = 50), methadone (0.3 mg/kg; n = 53) or pethidine (5 mg/kg; n = 48). The combination was injected intramuscularly into the supraspinatus (n = 79) or quadriceps muscle (n = 72). The data included a scoring system for the quality of sedation and physiological parameters, such as heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, body temperature and occurrence of mydriasis, monitored during the first 30 mins of anaesthesia. Results The opioid associated with alfaxalone influenced the overall sedation score, the degree of myorelaxation, the occurrence of mydriasis and HR. The overall sedation score was poorer with butorphanol than with methadone ( P = 0.008), and butorphanol induced a lower degree of myorelaxation than methadone ( P = 0.013). The injection into the supraspinatus showed better qualitative results for sedation and a faster onset time (in about 3 mins) than that into the quadriceps ( P <0.001). HR decreased from baseline ( P <0.001) and over time ( P <0.001), mainly in cats of the butorphanol–supraspinatus and pethidine–quadriceps groups ( P = 0.004). The occurrence of mydriasis was lower after butorphanol than after methadone and pethidine ( P = 0.025), while the incidence of side effects did not differ among groups. Conclusions and relevance All three protocols provided a good quality of sedation and allowed performing the scheduled procedure. Moreover, the injection into the supraspinatus muscle showed superior results in all the qualitative scores of sedation and quicker onset time than that into the quadriceps muscle.
Summary: A thirteen month-old, female English Setter was referred for a non-weight-bearing lameness of the left thoracic limb. Clinical and radiographic findings were consistent with a left supraglenoid tubercle incomplete fracture. The anamnesis reported a lameness arising 5 months earlier after a traumatic injury. After a period of conservative treatment, lameness had not resolved. Clinical examination revealed grade 3/5 lameness and pain on manipulation of the shoulder joint. Medio-lateral radiographic projection revealed a distinct irregular radiolucent line between the greater tubercle and the glenoid. An arthroscopic examination was performed and a careful and complete debridement and revitalisation of the subchondral bone was performed. As reported in the literature, a rigid compressive internal fixation is usually indicated when a joint is involved, but, in the case presented herein, the dog’s history and young age led us to believe that a minimally-invasive treatment should be satisfactory. Radiographic controls were carried out at 3, 6, 16 and 19 months following the surgical procedure, revealing a complete fusion and regular margins of the supraglenoid tubercle. Clinical signs of lameness resolved definitively at 3 months after surgical treatment. To the best of the Authors’ knowledge, cases of incomplete avulsion fracture of the supraglenoid tuberosity managed with arthroscopic surgery have not been described.
Abstract Kisspeptin (KiSS) and its related receptors (KiSS1R) have a critical role in the reproduction of mammals. The KiSS/KiSS1R system is expressed in numerous reproductive organs including the ovary. Here, we studied the expression of the KiSS/KiSS1R system and its functional role in rabbit corpora lutea (CL) at days 4 (early-), 9 (mid-), and 13 (late-stage) of pseudopregnancy. In vitro progesterone, prostaglandin (PG) F2α (PGF2α) and E2 (PGE2) productions and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (PTGS1) and 2 (PTGS2) activities were evaluated. Immune reactivity (IR) for KiSS and KiSS1R were detected in luteal cells at nuclear and cytoplasmic level at all luteal stage for KiSS and only at early- and mid-stage for KiSS1R; IR decreased from early- to later stages of pseudopregnancy. The KiSS-10 augmented progesterone and PGE2 and diminished PGF2α secretions by early- and mid-CL; KiSS-10 reduced PTGS2 activity at early- and mid-stages, but did not affect PTGS1 at any luteal stages. The antagonist KiSS-234 counteracted all KiSS-10 effects. This study shows that the KiSS/KiSS1R system is expressed in CL of pseudopregnant rabbits and exerts a luteotropic action by down-regulating PTGS2, which decreases PGF2α and increases PGE2 and progesterone.
