Abstract Background Cathepsin D C224T polymorphism has been reported to associate with AD susceptibility. But the results were inconsistent. This study aimed to assess the relationship between C224T polymorphism and AD risk. Methods The relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Wan fang electronic databases updated on July 2013. The relationship between Cathepsin D C224T polymorphism and AD risk was evaluated by ORs and 95% CIs. Results A total of 25 case-control studies including 5,602 cases and 11,049 controls were included in the meta-analysis. There was no association between C224T polymorphism and AD risk with all the studies were pooled in the meta-analysis (CT vs. CC: OR = 1.125, 95% CI = 0.974-1.299, P = 0.109; CT + TT vs. CC: OR = 1.136, 95% CI = 0.978-1.320, P = 0.094). Furthermore, when stratified by ethnicity, age of onset and APOEϵ4 status, significant association did not found in all subgroups. Conclusion The present meta-analysis suggested that the Cathepsin D C224T polymorphism was not associated with AD susceptibility.
Objective Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a potent pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by activated CD4 T cells. This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between two IL-13 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP rs1800925 and SNP rs20541) and the incidence of hepatitis B virus-related (HBV) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Method Three hundred and ninety-eight HBV-positive individuals (192 HCC and 206 patients with chronic hepatitis) and one hundred and ninety-two healthy participants from the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University were enrolled in this study. Results The results showed no significant differences between the genotype and allele frequencies of the IL-13 gene rs1800925 and rs20541 polymorphisms and chronic hepatitis B risk after adjusting for age, sex, tobacco use, and alcohol intake using binary logistic regression analyses. Regarding the rs20541 SNP, the GA genotype was significantly related to a decreased risk of HCC after adjusting for age, sex, tobacco use, and alcohol intake using binary logistic regression analyses (The odds ratio (OR) = 0.54, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.34–0.87). The adjusted OR for the GA and AA genotypes combined was 0.68 (95% CI 0.39–0.90). Conclusion This study indicates that the functional IL-13 rs20541 polymorphism may contribute to the risk of HCC and that the rs20541 polymorphism is a protective factor for HCC.
To investigate whether the TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 genes contribute to variations in vaccine-induced immune responses after immunization with the inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (IJEV), a total of 369 individuals who received the IJEV were enrolled. Based on Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) neutralization antibodies (NAbs), the individuals were divided into seropositive (SP) and seronegative (SN) groups. Then, 17 SNPs in the TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 genes were genotyped using the TaqMan method. Although there was no association of the TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 genes with JEV seropositivity triggered by JEV vaccination when all the individuals in the SP and SN groups were compared, differences were observed in a subgroup analysis. In the male group, rs2243291 in the IL-4 gene showed a difference between the JEV SP and SN groups with the overdominant model (P = .045), and the C/G genotypes conferred more JEV seropositivity (OR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.01-3.49); the CT genotype of rs3093726 in the TNF-α gene showed higher JEV NAbs geometric mean titer (GMT) than the TT genotype (P = .018, CT: 1.677 ± 0.144 vs TT: 1.271 ± 0.039). Furthermore, the rs1800629 genotype in the TNF-α gene and the rs1800896 genotype in the IL-10 gene exhibited a trend of association with JEV seropositivity in the female group, but the difference was not significant. The present study suggested that the polymorphisms in the cytokine genes could be associated with sex-specific JEV NAbs seroconversion. However, more samples should be studied, and further functional verification should be performed.
CYP2C19*17 (rs12248560) is a functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the CYP2C19 gene. It has been shown that CYP2C19*17 is associated with the clinical outcome of some drugs metabolized by CYP2C19 and a decreased risk of some diseases. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable and simple method to detect this polymorphism.Tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR) was used to detect the CYP2C19*17 polymorphism. A total of 93 samples were screened by this method, and the results of T-ARMS-PCR were validated by DNA sequencing.There were 91 samples with the CC genotype (97.8%) and two samples with the CT genotype (2.2%). The frequency of the C allele was 98.9%, and the frequency of the T allele was 1.1%. The DNA sequencing results were completely concordant with the T-ARMS-PCR results.T-ARMS-PCR can detect the CYP2C19*17 polymorphism with high accuracy, low costs, and a simple process.
De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is an important physiological mechanism, but it is poorly understood in avian follicles. The protein distribution patterns of three key genes related to DNL (i.e., FAS, ACC, and PPARγ) were firstly determined in geese developing follicles using immunohistochemistry, and our results showed that all three proteins were present in both prehierarchical and hierarchical follicles. Furthermore, it was revealed by qPCR that transcripts of these three genes were widely expressed in theca and granulosa layers of all staged follicles; however, the expression of DNL-related genes in granulosa cell changed significantly (P < 0.05) after follicle selection (FAS and PPARγ) and before ovulation (FAS). It is suggested that the DNL mechanism may be closely related to the follicular selection, while FAS may be closely associated with ovulation and steroidogenesis. These results suggested that DNL exists throughout follicle development and it potentially have an important role in the process of follicular selection, development, steroidogenesis, and ovulation, especially in their granulosa layers. To further demonstrate this point, granulosa cells isolated from hierarchical follicles were cultured in vitro. By analyzing the mRNA and protein expression patterns of these three genes, the fatty acid synthase enzyme activity, the contents of extracellular triglyceride, and intracellular lipids, as well as the cell activity at different time points of in vitro culture (0, 6, 12, and 18 h). These findings not only ensured the existence of DNL in the granulosa cells of goose follicles, but also suggested the complex process of lipid metabolism that associated with DNL, may play an important role in cell proliferation and physiological functions. Taken together, we first confirmed the existence of lipid metabolism, especially the DNL in goose follicles, and further suggested its role in the follicles, especially in the granulosa cells.
Tissue engineering has become a promising strategy for repairing damaged cartilage and bone tissue. Among the scaffolds for tissue-engineering applications, injectable hydrogels have demonstrated great potential for use as three-dimensional cell culture scaffolds in cartilage and bone tissue engineering, owing to their high water content, similarity to the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), porous framework for cell transplantation and proliferation, minimal invasive properties, and ability to match irregular defects. In this review, we describe the selection of appropriate biomaterials and fabrication methods to prepare novel injectable hydrogels for cartilage and bone tissue engineering. In addition, the biology of cartilage and the bony ECM is also summarized. Finally, future perspectives for injectable hydrogels in cartilage and bone tissue engineering are discussed.
Abstract Background More than 85% of the malaria burden is caused by imported vivax malaria in Yunnan Province and Yunnan is also where the majority of vivax malaria patients are diagnosed across China. Timely removal of the source of Plasmodium vivax and its breeding environment remains the key to eliminating the secondary transmission of imported malaria. To compensate for the uncertainty of epidemiological surveys in tracing vivax malaria recurrence, this study attempted to use molecular markers for identification. Materials and methods To do so, blood samples were collected from cases diagnosed and revalidated as single infections of P. vivax in Yunnan Province from 2013 to 2020. Specifically, samples from suspected relapses with recurrent episodes were subjected to PCR amplification, product sequencing, and analysis of the P. vivax circumsporozoite protein ( pvcsp ) gene. Results Seventy-eight suspected recurrent patients were retrieved from 2484 vivax malaria cases, with a total of 81 recurrent episodes. A total of 159 blood samples from primary infection P. vivax and recurrences were subjected to PCR amplification and sequencing to obtain 156 CDS sequences of pvcsp gene, 121 of which can be matched into the paired sequences of 59 patients. There were 475 polymorphic loci and 84 haplotypes (H01-H84) in the 121 sequences. Also, there were 79 and 5 haplotypes with CRR repeat units (PRM) of VK210 and VK247 structure, respectively. Of the 59 pairs of pvcsp gene sequences, every one of 31 pairs showed only one haplotype and no variant sites, meaning the every paired sequences were completely homologous and the paired P. vivax strains were homologous single clone. Every one of the remaining 28 paired sequences had two haplotypes but no length polymorphism, and except for 2 polymorphic loci (39 and 1027), all single nucleotide polymorphisms were double-equivalent bases differentially transferred between paired sequences, indicating that the paired sequences are "weakly heterologous" with no fragment insertions (or deletions) and only individual site polymorphisms. All 59 vivax malaria recurrences were respectively caused by the activation of P. vivax hypnozoites from the same population as the primary infection. Conclusions The paired analysis of the similarity of Plasmodium high variant genes allowed the identification of recurrent episodes caused by P. vivax homologous hypnozoites, and also demonstrated pvcsp gene as one of the candidate molecular markers. Moreover, the study showed most of the hypnozoites causing vivax malaria recurrence in Yunnan Province belonged to homologous single clone or sibling strains comparison with the original infection strains.
This article summarizes five kinds of exchange between readers and library in the network invironment,and analyses five features in network exchanging.In addition,it puts forward requirements to reply to reader's questions quickly and sincerely.
Various alkyl-phenylboronic acids have been widely used in the fields of electronics, chemistry, medicine and biology, especially in glucose sensors and intermediates of medicines. In this paper, the syntheses of two or three different alkyl-phenylboronic acids and the improvement on synthesis processes were studied with Grignard reagent method in detail. The influencing factors such as temperature, reaction time, reactant molar ratio were analyzed with the orthogonal experiment; optimized processes for the preparation of different alkyl-phenylboronic acids were thus obtained using different alkylborates as original materials. Based on the analysis of the experiment results, a "one-pot" method was proposed and checked to synthesize several different alkyl-phenylboronic acids. It was shown that 2,6-dimethylphenylboronic acid could be synthesized with "one-pot" method while para-alkyl-phenylboronic acid could not. An optimized process for the synthesis of 2,6-dimethylphenylboronic acid was obtained by investigating the influence of the boronation reagent, reactant proportion and solvent on the yield. Meanwhile, the preliminary synthesis of 2-ethylphenylboric acid was investigated with "one-pot" method too. Each product was identified by mass spectrum, 1HNMR, IR and HPLC.
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