Machine Translation is the process of translating text from one language to another which helps to reduce the conversation gap among people from different cultural backgrounds. The task performed by the Machine Translation System is to automatically translate between pairs of different natural languages, where Neural Machine Translation System stands out from all because it provides fluent translation along with reasonable translation accuracy. The Convolution Neural Network encoder is used to find patterns in the images and encode it into a vector that is passed to the Long Short Term Memory decoder which finds the caption word-by-word to best describe the image. Upon reaching the end-line token, the entire description of the image in English is generated and that is our output for that particular image. Automatically creating the description of an image in English using any natural language sentences and then translating it using Neural Machine Translation to Hindi is a very challenging task. It requires expertise in both image processing as well as natural language processing. In this paper, the aim is to compare the two Machine Translation Systems: Google Translation System and the proposed Neural Machine Translation System to convert the text obtained from an image in English to Hindi language.
In mid-March, many schools in the United States were forced to stop teaching in-person classes and switch to an online format due to the COVID-19 pandemic; as a result, teachers had to quickly implement new technologies and instructional strategies in the classroom. This rapid pandemic response especially affected teachers and students in Aviation Maintenance Technology (AMT) programs around the country as AMT instruction is inherently hands-on in nature. This study conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 FAA Part-147 AMT instructors and administrators from around the country in order to investigate the challenges they faced during the rapid pandemic response and the strategies and technologies they used to address them. In addition to the interview, all participants completed a survey that provided demographic information and expanded on some of the key interview topics. Thematic coding of the interviews and analysis of the data from the surveys was then conducted based on the Resilience Engineering Framework, resulting in the following themes categorizing the schools' responses to COVID: Preemptive Course Adaptation to Pandemic Disruption, Rapid School Response to Pandemic Disruption, Short-Term Course Adjustment to Pandemic Disruption, Long-Term Course Adjustment to Pandemic Disruption, and Challenges Faced by School Regarding Implementation of Course Adjustment. These themes effectively summarize the different phases of the response of the AMT schools to the sudden demands placed on them to adapt their hands-on curriculum to a virtual format. Ultimately, results from this study may help FAA and AMT administrators recognize the need for improved training and increased implementation of technology in the AMT curriculum to better prepare students and instructors in the event of future major disruptions.
Abstract Introduction : Reduction in progranulin (PGRN) have been associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. PGRN binds with high affinity to sortilin (SORT), a membrane transporter, resulting in its cellular uptake and eventual degradation in the lysosome. Inhibition of the SORT‐PGRN interaction has the potential to increase PGRN levels up to 2.5‐fold. Methodology : A virtual screening of curated CNS library of >47 K ligands was done with sortilin receptor (6X3L) through virtual screening workflow in Schrodinger suite. Co‐crystallised ligand was used as a positive control. Docking was done through HTVS, then SP and finally XP model followed by binding free energy calculations (MMGBSA). Based on the result analysis of molecular docking, binding free energy and interactions, docked complexes were chosen for molecular dynamics (MD) studies. DFT studies and MEP plotting were carried out for the screened ligands. Drug likeliness and ADMET studies were also carried out. Results : The virtual screening workflow yielded 139 ligands. Two test ligands and a control were selected and further evaluated through molecular dynamics studies. Both the test ligands (1625 & 127) had comparative docking score (−5.96 & −6.46 kcal/mol) as that of control ligand (−6.21 kcal/mol respectively) and but better binding free energy (−54.66, −53.12 & −43.21 kcal/mol respectively). MD simulations confirmed the docking results for all the three ligands where our test ligand 1625 reached equilibrium quickly as compared to the rest. Our test compounds also showed favourable characteristics of a CNS acting drug and favourable ADMET properties. According to DFT studies, the test ligands 127 and 1625 had FMO (HOMO‐LUMO) energy gaps of 8.86 eV and 9.83 eV, respectively, that were lesser than the control ligand (9.89 eV). Additionally, FMO energy gap of the test ligands and the control ligand were in agreement with the results of docking. MEP diagram provided the picture of electron rich, neutral and electron deficient surface of the test ligands and that of the control with respective color code red, green and blue. Conclusion : Our study results showed a promising CNS specific ligand as an inhibitor of PRGN‐SORT interactions and has a potential to be developed as a drug through in‐vitro and in‐vivo studies.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an untreatable and fatal neurodegenerative disease that is identified by the loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem, and motor cortex which theatrically reduces life expectancy. Although the primary cause of ALS remains unclear, its heterogeneity put forward for consideration of association with various factors, including endogenous and/or environmental ones, which may be involved in progressive motor neuron stress that causes activation of different cell death pathways. It is hypothesized that this disease is triggered by factors related to genetic, environmental, and age-dependent risk. In spite of large neurobiological, molecular and genetic research, at the beginning of the 21st century, ALS still remains one of the most devastating neurodegenerative diseases because of the lack of effective therapeutic targets. It is a challenge for the clinical and scientific community. A better understanding of the etiology of ALS is necessary to develop specific targets of this progressive neurodegenerative disease. This review states about the current knowledge of targets in ALS research. This review provides an overview of the contribution of different targets like mitochondrial dysfunction, glutamate transport and excitotoxicity, protein accumulation, Oxidative stress, neuromuscular junction, microglia, and other molecular targets in the pathogenesis of ALS.
Lipid nanoparticles and polymeric nanoparticles are promising biomaterial platforms for robust intracellular DNA and mRNA delivery, highlighted by the widespread use of nanoparticle‐ (NP) based mRNA vaccines to help end the COVID‐19 pandemic. Recent research has sought to adapt this nanotechnology to transfect and engineer immune cells in vivo. The immune system is an especially appealing target due to its involvement in many different diseases, and ex vivo‐engineered immune cell therapies like chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T therapy have already demonstrated remarkable clinical success in certain blood cancers. Although gene delivery can potentially address some of the cost and manufacturing concerns associated with current autologous immune cell therapies, transfecting immune cells in vivo is challenging. Not only is extrahepatic NP delivery to lymphoid organs difficult, but immune cells like T cells have demonstrated particular resistance to transfection. Despite these challenges, the modular nature of NPs allows researchers to examine critical structure–function relationships between a particle's properties and its ability to specifically engineer immune cells in vivo. Herein, several nanomaterial components are outlined, including targeting ligands, nucleic acid cargo, chemical properties, physical properties, and the route of administration to specifically target NPs to immune cells for optimal in vivo transfection.
Background: Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown conflicting results on cortisol levels following probiotic administration in healthy and diseased populations. Previous analyses were inconclusive due to limited studies, and evidence is lacking on how these effects vary by health status; region; therapy duration; medications, and use of single or multiple strains. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO [CRD42024538539]), we searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, ProQuest, and Web of Science Preprints until 13 August 2024, for RCTs on probiotic administration, either alone or combined, across all age groups and without specific medical condition requirements. We applied random-effects meta-analysis, assessed bias using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool, and evaluated evidence certainty with GRADE. Findings: We screened 1739 records and retrieved 46 RCTs (3516 participants). Probiotics supplementation decreased cortisol levels compared to the control arm [46 RCTs; SMD: −0.45; 95% CI: −0.83; −0.07; I2: 92.5%, low certainty]. Among various subgroups; probiotics supplementation decreased the cortisol levels in the subgroups without concomitant medications [37 RCTs; SMD: −0.30; 95% CI [−0.58; −0.03], I2: 88.7%] with a single probiotic strain [30 RCTs; SMD: −0.33; 95% CI: −0.63; −0.028; I2: 88.8%], in a healthy population [35 RCTs; SMD:−0.3; 95% CI: −0.58; −0.03; I2: 88.7] and in the Asia region [21 RCTs; SMD: −0.83; 95% CI: −1.58; −0.07; I2: 95%]. Interpretation: A low level of evidence suggests probiotics might reduce cortisol levels, but more targeted studies are needed to identify variables affecting the response in specific subgroups.
Data from point prevalence surveys (PPSs) in India are scarce. Conducting PPSs is especially challenging in the absence of electronic medical records, a lack of dedicated resources and a high patient load in resource-poor settings. This multicentre survey was conducted to provide background data for planning and strengthening antimicrobial stewardship programmes across the country.This inpatient PPS was conducted over 2 weeks in May 2019 simultaneously across five study centres in India. Data about patient characteristics, indications for antimicrobials use and details of each antimicrobial prescribed including supportive investigation reports were collected in predesigned forms.A total of 3473 admitted patients in wards and ICUs were covered across five study centres. Of these, 1747 (50.3%) patients were on antimicrobials, with 46.9% patients being on two or more antimicrobials. Out of the total antimicrobials prescribed, 40.2% of the antimicrobials were prescribed for community-acquired infection requiring hospitalization followed by surgical prophylaxis (32.6%). Third-generation cephalosporins and drugs from the 'Watch' category were prescribed most commonly. Only 22.8% of the antimicrobials were based on microbiology reports.The survey demonstrated a high use of antimicrobials in admitted patients with a considerable proportion of drugs from the 'Watch' category. The targets for interventions that emerged from the survey were: improving surgical prophylaxis, decreasing double anaerobic cover, initiating culture of sending cultures and de-escalation with targeted therapy.
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