V bakalařske praci na tema environmentalni ucetnictvi na podnikove urovni jsou v prvni casti popsany teoreticke a prakticke aspekty environmentalniho ucetnictvi v podniku. Je zde vysvětlen pojem environmentalniho ucetnictvi a co tento ucetni system zahrnuje, jake obsahuje nakladove a výnosove položky. Dale je zde popsano, jak je možne environmentalni ucetnictvi v podniku zavest, tj. vlastni postup doporucený pro zavaděni environmentalniho ucetnictvi a na ktere aspekty se při zavaděni zaměřit, abychom předesli problemům. Ve druhe casti bakalařske prace jsou postupy a cinnosti při zavaděni environmentalniho ucetnictvi aplikovany ve spolecnosti AT Compus s.r.o. V prve řadě jsou zde popsany a představeny utvary a cinnosti spolecnosti AT Compus s.r.o. a identifikovany cinnosti, ktere nějakým způsobem ovlivňuji životni prostředi. Vybrane naklady jsou analyzovany z hlediska jejich souvislosti se životnim prostředim. Na zakladě zjistěných skutecnosti je pak navrženo opatřeni.
Lutein and β-carotene contents in 32 samples of field peas with green (ii), yellow (I.) and orange cotyledons (orcorc) were determined.The highest lutein concentration ranging between 0.768 and 1.394 mg/100 g was found in varieties with green cotyledons (median 0.978 mg/100 g).Yellow cotyledons contained lower amount of lutein, median = 0.692 mg/100 g.Big variation in lutein content was found in tested breeding lines with orange cotyledons, only 4 lines showed higher lutein content in comparison with the lowest value found in green cotyledons.Content of β-carotene in field peas with green cotyledons ranged between 0.1-0.2mg/100 g.Field peas with yellow and orange cotyledons contain β-carotene in 10 times lower concentration.27 samples of garden peas were tested.Lutein content fluctuated between 0.471 and 1.524 mg/100 g with median = 0.791 mg/100 g.Year-to-year differences in 54% of all repeatedly tested samples shoved coefficient of variation lower than 10%.Coefficient of variation under 20% was found in 96% of repeatedly analysed samples.A strong correlation (r = 0.77, P < 0.01) between lutein and chlorophyll contents was found.
Peas are prospectively beneficial legumes in the human diet, and especially in a vegan and vegetarian diet, due to their high content of proteins and starch. Their frequent lack of appeal in human nutrition can be caused by their bloating effect and the content of some antinutritional compounds inhibiting the absorption of important nutrients. This study brings a comprehensive comparison of the nutrient content of pea flour after cooking and lactic fermentation before and after digestion in vitro. As a control sample, raw pea flour was used (sample 1). Raw pea flour was cooked for 10 min (sample 2) and 120 min (sample 3) at 100°C or it was fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum (sample 4) and cooked for 10 min at 100°C (sample 5). The samples were analyzed for protein and amino acids content, maltose, glucose, raffinose, total polyphenols, phytic acid, phytase, and mineral composition (P, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn) before and after in vitro digestion. The results showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the protein digestibility of samples 3, 4 and 5. In the fermented samples were observed a higher concentration of Cys, Met, and Gln when compared to non-fermented samples. The fermentation of pea flour resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in glucose, maltose, and raffinose content. Cooking of pea flour for 10 and 120 min, but not fermenting, significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the polyphenols content. Cooking and fermentation together did not affect phytic acid concentration and phytase activity. Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and, Zn concentration in pea flour was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by cooking. On the other hand, fermentation significantly (p<0.05) improved the bioaccessibility of Mn and Fe. These findings suggest that lactic fermentation of pea flour is a promising culinary preparation that can improve the digestibility of peas.
Total starch (TS), amylose and resistant starch (RS) were determined in the sets of smooth pea and wrinkled pea varieties in the years 2006-2008. Starch content of smooth peas varied in the range 53.61-57.23%. Average amylose content was 27.8%. Resistant starch content varied from 2.07% to 6.31%. Content of starch at wrinkled pea varied from 26.57% to 32.55%. Average amylose content was 76.82% of total starch. Content of total starch increases continually during seed development. The dependence of total starch on determined dry mass in harvested sample can be defined by equation γ = 1.2427 × -6.5611, by determination coefficient R2 = 0.8936 and highly significant correlation coefficient r = 0.945. Total starch content in dry seed reached final average value 29.56%. In garden pea, the level of maturity (by tenderometric measurement) and dry matter were determined. Resistant starch content of 11 garden pea cultivars was studied in three different terms of technological harvest.
Genetic resources of pea (Pisum sativum L.) were used for screening of tolerance to osmotic stresses. Effective selection marker genes under in vitro osmotic stress simulating by of PEG6000 and NaCl were studied. A hydroponic system was also used for comparison of changes in morphology and growth of multiple shoot cultures (MSC) of 22 pea genotypes. The expression patterns of the candidate marker genes PsCAT1, PsDREB1, PsDREB2 and PsLEA2 in two combined treatments, PEG6000 with NaCl or Zn, were evaluated. The PsLEA2 gene was proposed as a selection marker for tolerant genotypes in both systems. There was also decreased expression of the PsCAT1 gene in both combined treatments in in vitro. Zinc alleviates the stress response, especially reduces necroses and growth inhibition compared to the treatment PEG + NaCl (where Zn uptake was also significantly reduced). We consider genotypes with high expression of the PsLEA2 gene, higher expression of the PsDREB1, PsDREB2 genes and reduced or unaffected expression of the PsCAT1 gene to be tolerant genotypes. On the contrary, the sensitive genotype P13 (P. sativum var. fulvum) reduced expression of all marker genes. According to the winter type of pea cv. Balltrap and drought tolerant W3 and W5 genotypes were select as tolerant the P. sativum ssp. elatius (P2), P. sativum var. balticum (P9) and var. mesomelan (P11) genotypes. In P2 genotype tolerance was only associated with low expression of the PsCAT1 gene. Tolerant genotypes can be used in pea breeding to introduce genes for tolerance to osmotic stress.
Phosphorus (P) is an important nutrient in plant nutrition. Its absorption by plants from the soil is influenced by many factors. Therefore, a foliar application of this nutrient could be utilized for the optimal nutrition state of plants. The premise of the study is that foliar application of phosphorus will increase the yield of normal-phytate (npa) cultivars (CDC Bronco a Cutlass) and low-phytate (lpa) lines (1-2347-144, 1-150-81) grown in soils with low phosphorus supply and affect seed quality depending on the ability of the pea to produce phytate. A graded application of phosphorus (H₃PO₄) in four doses: without P (P0), 27.3 mg P (P1), 54.5 mg P (P2), and 81.8 mg P/pot (P3) realized at the development stages of the 6th true leaf led to a significant increase of chlorophyll contents, and fluorescence parameters of chlorophyll expressing the CO2 assimilation velocity. The P fertilization increased the yield of seeds significantly, except the highest dose of phosphorus (P3) at which the yield of the npa cultivars was reduced. The line 1-2347-144 was the most sensible to the P application when the dose P3 increased the seed production by 42.1%. Only the lpa line 1-150-81 showed a decreased tendency in the phytate content at the stepped application of the P nutrition. Foliar application of phosphorus significantly increased ash material in seed, but did not tend to affect the protein and mineral content of seeds. Only the zinc content in seeds was significantly reduced by foliar application of P in npa and lpa pea genotypes. It is concluded from the present study that foliar phosphorus application could be an effective way to enhance the pea growth in P-deficient condition with a direct effect on seed yield and quality.
The yield potential, quality and level of resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi DC.) of afila smooth seeded pea (Pisum sativum L.) were tested in the field trials. The cultivars and breeding lines Mozart, Consort-R, AGT-01, Cebeco 1171 and AGT-GH surpassed the control cv. Gotik in the yields of dry seed, in contrast the dry seed yields of Highlight, AGT-KR, Melfort and LU 390-R2 were about 12-27% lower than that of the control. The low seed yield was caused by virus infections (PEMV, BYMV), root diseases (Pythium, Fusarium), and a low level of thousand seeds weight (TSW). Material crossing with donors possessing high yield potential, a higher TSW, and a higher tolerance to root diseases had a positive effect on the dry seed yield. The main objective of the resistant pea breeding programme is afila smooth seeded pea resistant to powdery mildew, with a high tolerance to viruses, root diseases, and lodging, with the stem length of 60 to75 cm, and with high yield potential.
In 2010 the Czech acreage cultivated with grain legumes was 31318 ha. The most important grain legumes were peas, followed by soybeans, lupins and faba bean. While peas showed a dramatic decrease in acreage over recent years soybeans signifi cantly increased in their acreage. An important share of the Czech pea production is exported, either as feed or as seed. Breeding of peas has a long history in the Czech Republic. Today three companies are engaged in pea breeding, i.e. Semo s.r.o., Selgen a.s. and Agritec Ltd. Breeding activities of the three companies are outlined.
