Human liver cancer has emerged as a serious health concern in the world, associated with poorly available therapies. The Berberis genus contains vital medicinal plants with miraculous healing properties and a wide range of bioactivities. In this study, different crude extracts of B. lycium Royle were prepared and screened against Human Hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cell lines. The water/ethanolic extract of B. lycium Royle (BLE) exhibited significant antiproliferative activity against the HepG2 cancer cell line with an IC50 value of 47 μg/mL. The extract decreased the clonogenic potential of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. It induced apoptotic cell death in HepG2 cells that were confirmed by cytometric analysis and microscopic examination of cellular morphology through DAPI-stained cells. Biochemical evidence of apoptosis came from elevating the intracellular ROS level that was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. The mechanism of apoptosis was further confirmed by gene expression analysis using RT-qPCR that revealed the decline in Bcl-2 independent of p53 mRNA and a rise in CDK1 while downregulating CDK5, CDK9, and CDK10 mRNA levels at 48 h of BLE treatment. The most active fraction was subjected to HPLC which indicated the presence of berberine (48 μg/mL) and benzoic acid (15.8 μg/mL) as major compounds in BLE and a trace amount of luteolin, rutin, and gallic acid. Our study highlighted the importance of the most active BLE extract as an excellent source of nutraceuticals against Human Hepatocarcinoma that can serve as an herbal natural cure against liver cancer.
The therapeutic effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on diabetes was spread as one of the alarming epidemics worldwide. The study aims to investigate the function of Lactobacillus brevis KLDS1.0727 and KLDS1.0373 strains as glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) carriers capable of generating GABA by comparing in vitro free and freeze-dried models and GABA intervention in vivo. PCR amplification of gad and in vitro i.e., (growth rate, viability at different pH, bile tolerance, and survivability in simulated gastric juice) were performed. In vivo experiments were conducted in 7 groups of C57BL/6J mice. Each group was injected with streptozotocin (ContSTZ, INSSTZ, LAC1STZ, LAC1MFDSTZ, LAC2STZ, LAC2MFDSTZ) daily except for the control (Cont). One group was injected with insulin (INSSTZ). The body weight and hyperglycemia in the blood were assessed weekly, post-euthanasia blood plasma parameters, insulin, and histological examination were evaluated. Results indicated L. brevis strains demonstrated a great tolerance to bile and simulated gastric juice in vitro (P < 0.05). ContSTZ had the highest average glucose level (6.84 ± 6.46) mmol/L while INSSTZ expressed dramatically decreed in glucose level and displayed a significant decline in the average of weekly blood glucose (−5.74 ± 3.08) mmol/L. The lowest body weight (ContSTZ) was (19.30 ± 0.25) g. Based on the blood plasma analysis, L. brevis strains improved good cholesterol properties, liver and kidney functions, where most of these parameters fall within the average the reference range and prevent the development of symptoms of type 1 diabetes in vivo. As recommended, L. brevis should be commonly distributed as a postbiotic GABA in pharmaceutical and nutritional applications.
Malate transporter proteins (MTPs) play a pivotal role in regulating flux in the citrate/malate/pyruvate shuttle to deliver acetyl-CoA from the mitochondria to the cytosol and thus regulate lipid biosynthesis in oleaginous fungi. Despite the recent successful exploration of the mitochondrial malate transporters in Mucor circinelloides, research with in silico analyses that include molecular docking and their dynamics, in addition to homology modelling of malate transporters, have not been reported. In this study, the physico-chemical properties and nucleotide sequence analysis of two mitochondrial MTPs (MT and SoDIT-a with Gene/protein ID scafold00018.48 and scafold00239.15, respectively), in M. circinelloides WJ11 were performed. The three-dimensional (3D) model of the mitochondrial MTPs was determined and the best-docked complex stabilities were demonstrated with molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. The activity domain was revealed to form hydrogen bonds and piling interactions with citrate and malate upon docking. Our study showed better binding affinities for the MTPs—reaching up to −3.44 and −7.27 kcal/mol with the MT and SoDIT-a proteins, respectively (compared to the target of −2.85 and −6.00 kcal/mol for citric acid-binding). MD simulations illustrated that the protein complexes demonstrated conformational stability throughout the simulation. This study was the first to elucidate the structural characteristics of mitochondrial MTPs in M. circinelloides WJ11, providing direct evidence regarding the transport mechanism of specific substrates. Furthermore, the current results support ongoing efforts to combine functional and structural data to better understand the MTPs (at the molecular and atomic levels) of an oleaginous fungus such as M. circinelloides.
Abstract Background : It is generally assumed that sticky traps are interceptive sandfly sampling methods, although no previous experimental evidence has supported this assumption. In this study, we test this assumption experimentally for Phlebotomus orientalis , the principal vector of visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa, and provide an explanation for why their collection is highly male-biased. Methods: Three field experiments were carried out in March 2016-June 2019, in Gedarif state, eastern Sudan. In a first experiment, we compared numbers of P. orientalis caught with sticky traps made of black, red, transparent, white, yellow, green and blue A4 size papers that were set simultaneously at different lunar light conditions. In a second and a third experiments, we compared numbers of P. orientalis captured on sticky traps placed side by side horizontally or vertically on the ground or horizontally on a stool. We also made observations on mating behaviour of sandflies following their landing on un-sticky papers placed on the ground. Results: Phlebotomus orientalis showed significant attraction to white, yellow and transparent traps; with negligible numbers caught on the black and the red traps. Similarly, significantly higher numbers of P. orientalis were attracted to the horizontal traps, resulting in 8-fold increase in their yield as compared to the vertical traps. Placing the traps on the stools resulted in significant reduction of this attraction. In contrast to the sticky traps that captured only very few females, our observations indicated that when male sandflies land on un-sticky white paper they successfully lure females and copulate with them. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that for P. orientalis , sticky traps are more attractant-based than interception-based sampling tools and supports the notion that males of this sandfly species probably utilize the bright surface of the papers of the traps to perform mating rituals to attract the females for copulation. However, their pre-mature death in the sticky oil hampers the completion of these rituals and thus the result in failure of the attraction of the females. The findings of the study have important implications for optimization of the ST design for vector surveillance purpose and understanding the behaviour of P. orientalis .
Liver cancer is one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The current study sought to screen, for the first time, a Ficus carica variety from the Shandong province of China against hepatocellular (HepG2) cells. Crude extracts of F. carica with various polarities were prepared and screened against HepG2 cells. The acetone extract of the leaf (FLA) exhibited significant antiproliferative effects against HepG2 cells (IC50 = 0.179 mg/mL) while producing the least toxicity on normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Biochemical evidence of apoptosis was confirmed by staining with DAPI and AO/EB. FLA also exhibited moderate anti-colonization potential against the population of HepG2 cells. It selectively arrested the cell cycle of HepG2 cells at the S phase and exerted anticancer activity by significantly increasing the reactive oxygen species (1.59 fold) inside the cells, which subsequently resulted in loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential as revealed by JC-1 probe assay. FLA downregulated the expression of tumor-promoter Transcription Factor (TP53), anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2), and cell cycle regulatory kinases (CDK1, 5, 9) with respect to untreated cells for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of FLA revealed the presence of gallic acid and quercetin as major antiproliferative compounds along with trace amounts of rutin, luteolin, apigenin, benzoic acid, and β-sitosterol. Notably, our study showed FLA operating via novel mechanisms involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and CDKs involvement in HepG2 cells. Thus, it suggests that FLA may be a potential source of new drugs in the treatment of liver cancer.
ATAD5, the human ortholog of yeast Elg1, plays a role in PCNA deubiquitination. Since PCNA modification is important to regulate DNA damage bypass, ATAD5 may be important for suppression of genomic instability in mammals in vivo. To test this hypothesis, we generated heterozygous (Atad5(+/m)) mice that were haploinsuffficient for Atad5. Atad5(+/m) mice displayed high levels of genomic instability in vivo, and Atad5(+/m) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibited molecular defects in PCNA deubiquitination in response to DNA damage, as well as DNA damage hypersensitivity and high levels of genomic instability, apoptosis, and aneuploidy. Importantly, 90% of haploinsufficient Atad5(+/m) mice developed tumors, including sarcomas, carcinomas, and adenocarcinomas, between 11 and 20 months of age. High levels of genomic alterations were evident in tumors that arose in the Atad5(+/m) mice. Consistent with a role for Atad5 in suppressing tumorigenesis, we also identified somatic mutations of ATAD5 in 4.6% of sporadic human endometrial tumors, including two nonsense mutations that resulted in loss of proper ATAD5 function. Taken together, our findings indicate that loss-of-function mutations in mammalian Atad5 are sufficient to cause genomic instability and tumorigenesis.