Xing-Quan Zhang

University of California, San Diego

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Robert T. Schooley

University of California, San Diego

Sanjay R. Mehta

University of California, San Diego

Edward C. Holmes

University of Sydney

Roberto Badaró

Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos

Sherwin Kuo

University of California, San Diego

John Day

Illumina (United States)

Chun‐Ming Huang

National Central University

Randy Taplitz

City Of Hope National Medical Center

Regina K. Fleming

New York Institute of Technology

Constance A. Benson

University of California, San Diego

Cooperative Institutions

University of California, San Diego

University of California System

National Institutes of Health

J. Craig Venter Institute

University of Sydney

VA San Diego Healthcare System

University of California, San Francisco

Vanderbilt University Medical Center

University of California, Davis

Kaohsiung Medical University

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Flow cytometric screening for anti-leishmanials in a human macrophage cell line

Experimental Parasitology (2010)

Sanjay R. Mehta Xing-Quan Zhang Roberto Badaró Celsa A. Spina John Day

Amastigote

Trypan blue

Miltefosine

10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.007

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Citations (19)

Nasal commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis counteracts influenza virus

Scientific Reports (2016)

Hui‐Wen Chen Pei‐Feng Liu Yu-Tsueng Liu Sherwin Kuo Xing-Quan Zhang

Several microbes, including Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), a Gram-positive bacterium, live inside the human nasal cavity as commensals. The role of these nasal commensals in host innate immunity is largely unknown, although bacterial interference in the nasal microbiome may promote ecological competition between commensal bacteria and pathogenic species. We demonstrate here that S. epidermidis culture supernatants significantly suppressed the infectivity of various influenza viruses. Using high-performance liquid chromatography together with mass spectrometry, we identified a giant extracellular matrix-binding protein (Embp) as the major component involved in the anti-influenza effect of S. epidermidis. This anti-influenza activity was abrogated when Embp was mutated, confirming that Embp is essential for S. epidermidis activity against viral infection. We also showed that both S. epidermidis bacterial particles and Embp can directly bind to influenza virus. Furthermore, the injection of a recombinant Embp fragment containing a fibronectin-binding domain into embryonated eggs increased the survival rate of virus-infected chicken embryos. For an in vivo challenge study, prior Embp intranasal inoculation in chickens suppressed the viral titres and induced the expression of antiviral cytokines in the nasal tissues. These results suggest that S. epidermidis in the nasal cavity may serve as a defence mechanism against influenza virus infection.

Infectivity

Commensalism

10.1038/srep27870

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Extensive Geographical Mixing of 2009 Human H1N1 Influenza A Virus in a Single University Community

Journal of Virology (2011)

Edward C. Holmes Elodie Ghedin Rebecca Halpin Timothy B. Stockwell Xing-Quan Zhang

ABSTRACT Despite growing interest in the molecular epidemiology of influenza virus, the pattern of viral spread within individual communities remains poorly understood. To determine the phylogeography of influenza virus in a single population, we examined the spatial diffusion of H1N1/09 influenza A virus within the student body of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), sampling for a 1-month period between October and November 2009. Despite the highly focused nature of our study, an analysis of complete viral genome sequences revealed between 24 and 33 independent introductions of H1N1/09 into the UCSD community, comprising much of the global genetic diversity in this virus. These data were also characterized by a relatively low level of on-campus transmission as well as extensive spatial mixing, such that there was little geographical clustering by either student residence or city ZIP code. Most notably, students experiencing illness on the same day and residing in the same dorm possessed phylogenetically distinct lineages. H1N1/09 influenza A virus is therefore characterized by a remarkable spatial fluidity, which is likely to impede community-based methods for its control, including class cancellations, quarantine, and chemoprophylaxis.

Pandemic

Viral phylodynamics

10.1128/jvi.00438-11

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Citations (45)