We synthesized a squaraine dye (F-0) to develop a method for detecting pyrophosphate (PPi) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) by modulating the fluorescence of F-0. The fluorescence intensity of the F-0 system was quenched upon the addition of Cu2+ ions; however, it was restored when PPi was introduced due to the formation of a complex between PPi and Cu2+. Since ALP can hydrolyze PPi, the fluorescence of the system was quenched again upon the addition of ALP. Based on these principles, we established a fluorescent probe that exhibits an "off–on–off" fluorescence response. The detection limits of this method for PPi and ALP were 103 nmol dm−3 and 0.18 U dm−3, respectively. Moreover, this method demonstrates good selectivity and specificity and can be applied to the detection of PPi in actual samples.
Increasing evidences show that the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is multifactorial. Studying the combined effect of several factors is becoming a hot topic in PD research. On one hand, iron is one of the essential trace metals for human body; on the other hand, iron may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of PD. In our present study, the rats with increased neonatal iron (120 μg/g bodyweight) supplementation were treated with rotenone (0.5 mg/kg) when they were aged to 14 weeks. We observed that iron and rotenone co-treatment induced significant behavior deficits (time-dependent) and striatal dopamine depletion in the male and female rats, while they did not do so when they were used alone. No significant change in striatal 5-hydroxytryptamine content was observed in the male and female rats with iron and rotenone co-treatment. Also, iron and rotenone co-treatment significantly decreased substantia nigra TH expression in the male rats. Furthermore, co-treatment with iron and rotenone significantly induced malondialdehyde increase and glutathione decrease in the substantia nigra of male and female rats. There was no significant change in cerebellar malondialdehyde and glutathione content of the rats co-treated with iron and rotenone. Interestingly, biochanin A significantly attenuated striatal dopamine depletion and improved behavior deficits (dose-dependently) in the male and female rats with iron and rotenone co-treatment. Biochanin A treatment also significantly alleviated substantia nigra TH expression reduction in the male rats co-treated with iron and rotenone. Finally, biochanin A significantly decreased malondialdehyde content and increased glutathione content in the substantia nigra of male and female rats with iron and rotenone co-treatment. Our results indicate that iron and rotenone co-treatment may result in aggravated neurochemical and behavior deficits through inducing redox imbalance and increased neonatal iron supplementation may participate in the etiopathogenesis of PD. Moreover, biochanin A may exert dopaminergic neuroprotection by maintaining redox balance.
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are widely studied for their highly specific gene silencing activity. However, obstacles remain to the clinical application of siRNAs. Attaching conjugates to siRNAs can improve their stability and broaden their application, and most functional conjugates of siRNAs locate at the 3'-terminus of the sense or antisense strand. In this work, we found that conjugating a group at the 5'-terminus of the antisense strand via phosphodiester was practicable, especially when the group was a flexible moiety such as an alkyl linker. When conjugating a bulky ligand, such as cRGD, the length of the 5'-phosphodiester linker between the ligand and the 5'-terminus of the antisense strand was the key in terms of RNA interference (RNAi). With a relative longer linker, the conjugates showed potency similar to siRNA. A highly efficient transfection system composed of a neutral cytidinyl lipid (DNCA) and a gemini-like cationic lipid (CLD) was employed to deliver siRNAs or their conjugates. The cRGD conjugates showed superior targeting delivery and antitumor efficacy
Freezing of gait (FOG) severely impairs life quality of Parkinson disease (PD) patients. The relationship between sleep disturbance and FOG in PD remains unclear, so in this study, we aimed to investigate that relationship.First, we assessed clinical characteristics of freezers and nonfreezers among PD patients. Next, we assessed clinical characteristics of PD patients with different PDSS1 scores (score on first item of Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale). Finally, we prospectively followed a cohort of nonfreezers from a baseline clinical visit and to a maximum of 18 months and performed a Cox regression analysis to further investigate the relationship between PDSS1 score and FOG in PD.A total of 163 participants with PD were included in the baseline analysis. The freezers had significantly worse sleep compared with the nonfreezers. The proportion of freezers in the patients with low PDSS1 score (PDSS1 < 6) was significantly higher than that in the patients with high PDSS1 score (PDSS1 ≥ 6). A total of 52 nonfreezers were prospectively followed. During a maximum 18-month follow-up, FOG incidence (73%) in the PDSS1 < 6 group was significantly higher than that (24%) in the PDSS1 ≥ 6 group (P = .008). Low PDSS1 score (hazard ratio = 4.23, 95% CI 1.64-10.92, P = .003) and high levodopa equivalent daily dose (hazard ratio = 4.18, 95% CI 1.62-10.75, P = .003) were significantly associated with an increased hazard of FOG.Our study indicated that low PDSS1 score may be a risk indicator for the development of FOG and provided important insights into potential targets for the prevention/delay of FOG in PD.
Objective
To find a more convenient, safe and effective extraction method, via comparing the extraction operation effect of the embedded supernumerary teeth in maxilla by using piezosurgery osteotomy or contra-angle high speed turbines.
Methods
One hundred and fifty patients (with a total of one hundred and ninety supernumerary teeth) who had accepted the extraction operation of the embedded supernumerary teeth in maxilla at Zhongshan City People′s Hospital from 2013 to 2017 were included. They were divided into two groups randomly. All of the patients had accepted the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examination to locate the embedded supernumerary teeth. The experimental group underwent the teeth extraction with piezosurgery osteotomy; while the control group with contra-angle high speed turbines. The postoperative pain (quantitatively analyzed by VAS) , operation time were compared between the two groups. The data were processed and analyzed by SPSS 20.0, and the mean and standard deviation of two groups were analyzed by independent sample t test.
Results
The average VAS value in the experimental group is 4.2 ± 1.5, while the average VAS value in the control group is 5.2 ± 1.6. The postoperative pain in the experimental group is less than the control group significantly (t=-4.072, P<0.001) . In the groups of patients over 12 years old, the average VAS value in the experimental group is 4.2±1.5, while the average VAS value in the control group is 5.1±1.6. The postoperative pain in the experimental group is less than the control group significantly (t=-2.866, P= 0.005) . The average operation time of the experimental group is (48±6) min while the average operation time of the control group is (51±8) min. The operation time of the experimental group is less than the control group significantly (t=-3.014, P= 0.003) . While in the groups of patients over 12 years old, the average operation time of the experimental group is (46 ± 6) min while the average operation time of the control group is (49 ± 7) min. The difference of operation time between the two groups is not significant (t=-0.901, P= 0.060) .
Conclusions
Using the CBCT guided piezosurgery osteotomy to remove the impacted supernumerary tooth in the anterior maxilla, can lessen postoperative pain, shorten operation time, and provide more comfortable experience.
Key words:
Tooth, impacted; Tooth, supernumerary; Tooth extraction, minimally invasive; Cone beam computed tomography; Piezosurgery; Micro Power Systems
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