For numerous scientific purposes collection records need to be georeferenced. Although the geographic coordinates of many of the collection localities are available in gazetteers, especially collections from tropical areas of the world are still not georeferenced. In an attempt to georeference these localities for Indonesian Borneo we used digitized old maps which were georegistered with SRTM digital elevation data, and Landsat 7- and JERS-1 SAR radar satellite images. This enabled us to georeference 2 577 additional collections from Indonesian Borneo, belonging to 1 744 taxa, which were collected at 134 previously not georeferenced localities. This applied methodology enables researchers to georeference their historical collections for biodiversity, biogeographical, and global climate change impact studies.
Recently published molecular phylogenies of the Annonaceae have confirmed the long-held hypothesis that the large paleotropical genus Polyalthia is polyphyletic. Species previously assigned to Polyalthia are now known to belong to up to six distinct, generally well-supported clades. Three members of a group of six species previously referred to as the Polyalthia hypoleuca complex form a monophyletic group (with 99% bootstrap support) that is only distantly related to the other species of Polyalthia sampled. Putative morphological synapomorphies are assessed, and justification provided for validating a new generic name, Maasia . Six species names in the Polyalthia hypoleuca complex are accordingly transferred to Maasia : M. discolor , M. glauca , M. hypoleuca , M. multinervis , M. ovalifolia , and M. sumatrana .
In order to provide additional data for the subdivision of the palaeotropical genus Miliusa (Annonaceae), its pollen was examined using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, including 20 of the 30 – 40 species. Further, species of the other genera in the former tribe Miliuseae (Alphonsea, Mezzettia, Orophea, Platymitra; Phoenicanthus not available) and of the Polyalthia cerasoides group, the sister group to Miliusa in a recent molecular analysis, were included. The pollen of Mezzettia and Platymitra is described for the first time with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The pollen of all species studied with transmission electron microscopy appeared to possess an inaperturate exine, but apertural areas ('germination zones') were observed in the intine. The pollen morphological variation within Miliusa does not correlate with the macromorphological subdivision of the genus. It appeared to be impossible to define distinct pollen types. The former tribe Miliuseae cannot be characterised or subdivided with the help of pollen characters either. All genera fit in the larger miliusoid clade (25 genera). The pollen of the Polyalthia cerasoides group deviates in its finely and densely granular infratectum.
The pantropical flowering plant family Annonaceae is the most species-rich family of Magnoliales. Despite long-standing interest in the systematics of Annonaceae, no authoritative classification has yet been published in the light of recent molecular phylogenetic analyses. Here, using the largest, most representative, molecular dataset compiled on Annonaceae to date, we present, for the first time, a robust family-wide phylogenetic tree and subsequent classification. We used a supermatrix of up to eight plastid markers sequenced from 193 ingroup and seven outgroup species. Some of the relationships at lower taxonomic levels are poorly resolved, but deeper nodes generally receive high support. Annonaceae comprises four major clades, which are here given the taxonomic rank of subfamily. The description of Annonoideae is amended, and three new subfamilies are described: Anaxagoreoideae, Ambavioideae and Malmeoideae. In Annonoideae, seven tribes are recognized, one of which, Duguetieae, is described as new. In Malmeoideae, seven tribes are recognized, six of which are newly described: Dendrokingstonieae, Fenerivieae, Maasieae, Malmeeae, Monocarpieae and Piptostigmateae. This new subfamilial and tribal classification is discussed against the background of previous classifications and characters to recognize subfamilies are reviewed.
The annonaceous genus Monocarpia Miq. has its highest diversity on the island of Borneo with three species: Monocarpia borneensis Mols & P. Kessler, newly described and illustrated here, M. euneura Mi
A revision of the genus Phaeanthus Hook.f. & Thomson (Annonaceae) is presented. The genus comprises 8 species. A key to the fruiting and/or flowering specimens of the genus is included. The genus consists of shrubs to small-sized trees from Malesia and Vietnam. It is characterised by sepals and outer petals that are alike, numerous carpels and stamens, the latter truncate with a distinctive connective prolongation, monocarpous fruits, and leaves often drying dark brown to black. A phylogenetic analysis shows the monophyly of the genus and that Phaeanthus nutans can be considered the sister species of the remaining species.
• Premise of the study: Tribe Miliuseae (∼25 genera and ∼510 species) includes a substantial part of the species and generic diversity in the pantropical flowering‐plant family Annonaceae (∼108 genera and ∼2400 species). Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses have failed to resolve the backbone phylogeny of the tribe, impeding biogeographical and evolutionary studies. We use a dense generic taxon sample (∼89% of generic diversity in Miliuseae) and plastid DNA sequence data (∼7 kb) to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of and within the tribe. • Methods: Parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions and ancestral character‐state reconstructions of several reproductive characters were performed. • Key results: Dendrokingstoniae, Monocarpieae, and Miliuseae are recovered in a strongly supported clade, and each tribe is strongly supported as monophyletic. Miliuseae are characterized by a synapomorphic cryptoaperturate/disulculate pollen apertural system. Stenanona is shown to be nested within the paraphyletic genus Desmopsis . The only Neotropical clade ( Sapranthus , Tridimeris , Desmopsis , and Stenanona ) in the predominantly Asian Miliuseae is shown to be closely related to an undescribed genus from continental Southeast Asia and the Indo‐Malayan and Austral‐Pacific genus Meiogyne . Ancestral character‐state reconstructions of several reproductive characters that are diagnostically important at the generic level indicate a considerable degree of homoplasy. • Conclusions: The results improve our understanding of the relationships of and within Miliuseae, but parts of the backbone of the phylogeny remain poorly supported. Additional data from variable nuclear markers or reduced‐genome‐representation approaches seem to be required to further resolve relationships within this recalcitrant clade.
Abstract The species-rich genus Polyalthia has previously been shown to be highly polyphyletic, with species represented in at least five different clades. The Polyalthia species that are associated with Marsypopetalum and Trivalvaria (as revealed either by previous phylogenetic studies or inferred on the basis of comparative morphology) were included in a molecular phylogenetic study based on three chloroplast DNA regions (matK, rbcL and trnL-F). Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses consistently revealed that several Polyalthia species form a well-supported clade with Marsypopetalum pallidum, and that this clade is sister to Trivalvaria. Diagnostic morphological characters for the clades are re-evaluated and shown to be congruent with the molecular phylogeny. Five Polyalthia species (P. crassa, P. littoralis, P. lucida, P. modesta and P. tristis) are accordingly transferred to Marsypopetalum. Key words: Annonaceae Marsypopetalum molecular phylogeneticsnomenclature Polyalthia systematicstaxonomy Trivalvaria Acknowledgements Financial support was provided by a grant from the Hong Kong Research Grants Council (HKU 775009M), awarded to RMKS. We are grateful to: the directors and curators of IBSC, K, L, NY, P and SING herbaria for loan of (or access to) their collections and/or for providing leaf samples for DNA extraction; Piya Chalermglin, Wang Ruijiang and Laura Wong for collecting fresh plant material; Jim Doyle and Raymond van der Ham for their discussions regarding the interpretation of pollen apertures; Simon Gardner and Piya Chalermglin for permission to use their photographs; Vatsala Mirnaalini for drawing Fig. 3; Jim Doyle and David Johnson for their comments on the manuscript; and Laura Wong for general technical assistance. Associate Editor: Charlie E. Jarvis
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