Phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) is a reverse genetic analysis method to identify the potential phenotypes associated with genetic variations. With the increasing availability of biomedical databases and electronic medical records (EMR), PheWAS has gradually become an effective tool to unveil the relationships between exposure and a broad range of health phenotypes. The unique advantage of this method is that it can simultaneously explore the associations of a specific exposure with a variety of disease outcomes, thus helping to reveal multiple causal relationships and the shared pathogenic mechanisms among diseases. However, PheWAS has limitations, including selecting instrumental variables and the heavy burden of various corrections. In addition, how to interpret the biological mechanisms underlying significant findings is another crucial issue of PheWAS. This review will focus on the methodology and application of PheWAS to provide meaningful suggestions and insights for future studies.全表型组关联研究（PheWAS）是一种反向遗传学分析方法，旨在研究哪些表型可能与给定的遗传变异相关联。随着生物医疗数据库和电子病历信息的开放获取，PheWAS已逐渐成为探索暴露因素与多种健康结局之间关联的有效方法。这种方法具有同时探索某一种暴露与多种疾病表型之间的统计学关联的独特优势，从而有助于揭示多重因果关联以及各疾病间共同的致病机制。然而，PheWAS目前也面临诸多挑战。该方法本身存在一定的局限性，包括工具变量的选择是否具有代表性以及繁重的多重校正负担。此外，如何应用生物学知识阐释研究结果是PheWAS的另一重点问题。本文将围绕PheWAS方法学进行概述，以期为后续更好地开展PheWAS提供思路和建议。.
Regarding the site of arterial access during the intervention, transracial intervention can reduce the risk of bleeding and vessel-related complications as well as improve patient comfort. Importantly, the distal radial artery (DRA) approach may reduce the incidence of radial artery occlusion and digital ischemia, but the feasibility and safety of DRA in performing subdiaphragmatic vascular interventions remain unclear. From January 2018 to December 2019, 106 patients were admitted to our department for visceral angiography and intervention by left distal radial artery accessing in an anatomical snuffbox. In total, 152 times of vascular interventions were performed during this period. Patients demographics, procedure details, technical success, and access site-related complications were recorded and evaluated. The mean age was 58.9 (range 22-86) years. Males accounted for 80.2%. Thirty-five patients (33%) had 2 or more procedures via the DRA approach. Technical success was achieved for 96.1% of procedures (146 cases) and 3.9% of cases failed to perform the intended procedure via the DRA approach (6 cases). The 4-Fr sheath was used in 86.8% of cases, and the 5 Fr sheath was used in the rest of the 13.2% of procedures. The rate of asymptomatic radial artery occlusion was 5.7% (6 of 106 patients). No patient suffered from distal limb ischemia after a long-time follow-up. Eight patients suffered postoperative local pain, transient numbness, or local bruised in the anatomical snuffbox without major complications. Patients with postoperative complications recovered quickly by using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or without further treatment. Left distal radial artery access is safe and feasible as a new technique for visceral angiography and intervention.
Droop control has attracted widely attention in microgrids because of its plug-and-play advantages. However, due to the lack of inertia in conventional droop control, the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) may exceed the limited value during disturbances, affecting the operational reliability of the microgrid. In this paper, an adaptive virtual inertia droop control (AVIDC) method is proposed, which can adjust the virtual inertia adaptively, overcome the influence of frequency sampling noise, and accelerate the system transient adjustment process while suppressing ROCOF. Then, the stability analysis and key parameters design methods are carried out. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by the simulation results.
In this article, an optimized fault-tolerant control (FTC) method without current judgement is proposed for open-switch faults (OSFs) in dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (DTPMSM) drives. The reason for the torque ripple under OSFs has been investigated. The theoretical analysis reveals a significant increase in torque ripple under OSFs. Then, an optimized FTC method is proposed for a DTPMSM with two isolated neutral points. The proposed method maintains the original control scheme, enabling the smooth transitions of current and torque between faulty operation and FTC without introducing noticeable torque ripples. In addition, the universality and robustness are enhanced by eliminating the need for current judgement, thereby avoiding misjudgments due to sinusoidal current zero crossings, sudden load, or speed changes. The experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed FTC strategy under OSFs on a laboratory DTPMSM.
Abstract Background Adrenal vein sampling (AVS), the gold standard for confirmation of primary aldosteronism (PA) subtype, is technically challenging. Here, we assessed the benefit of trans-catheter contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in right adrenal gland imaging and its potential to improve the right AVS success rates among inexperienced interventionalists. Methods AVS was performed on all included PA patients (n = 61; 39 men; mean age, 52 ± 8.81 years) by a single interventionalist (who had no AVS experience prior to the study) between January 2020 and July 2022. Thirty-five patients underwent trans-catheter CEUS-assisted digital subtraction angiography (DSA)-guided AVS (CEUS-AVS), and 26 patients underwent DSA-guided AVS (DSA-AVS). In the CEUS-AVS group, following right adrenal vein cannulation, selective trans-catheter CEUS was performed to validate cannulation accuracy. Fisher’s exact test, two-sided Student’s t tests, and the Mann–Whitney test were used for statistical analysis. Results The right AVS success rate was higher in the CEUS-AVS than in the DSA-AVS group (94.29% vs. 73.08%, P = 0.03), but the left and bilateral AVS success rates did not differ. The ultrasound imaging success rate of the right adrenal vein was 97.1%. Right AVS was unsuccessful in nine patients (two in the CEUS-AVS and seven in the DSA-AVS group). Operative times did not differ, but radiation exposure times were shorter in CEUS-AVS patients (8.4 [6.00, 12.3] vs. 15.37 [7.23, 24.75], P = 0.04). Surgery-related complications were similar between groups. Conclusions CEUS-AVS can be used to confirm right adrenal vein cannulation accuracy, help inexperienced interventionalists rapidly improve AVS success rates, and shorten radiation exposure.
In battery energy storage systems based on cascaded H-bridge multilevel converter, maintaining a balanced state of charge (SOC) among batteries in different modules is both advantageous and essential. However, traditional methods face challenges in control parameter design, resulting in potential issues such as insufficient balancing effects or over-modulation. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a method for designing adjustment coefficients in the system-wide battery balance control strategy. The proposed method enhances the SOC balance effect across the entire system while ensuring stable operation. A simulation model was established in PLECS to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Ovarian arterial haemorrhage (OAH), a rare cause of spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma (SRH), usually occurs in women during pregnancy or in those with a history of repeated pregnancies.The clinical manifestations of OAH are non-specific; hence, proper and timely imaging examinations are extremely important.Contrast Enhanced CT scan is the first choice for clarifying the cause of haemorrhage in patients with SRH.Trans-arterial embolisation (TAE) has become the most common treatment option for OAH.Here, we report a case of SRH in the left ovarian artery region in a patient with a congenital solitary kidney.The patient was initially misdiagnosed as left kidney haemorrhage which was successfully embolised with tissue glue.There are no previous reports of OAH in patients with a congenital solitary kidney.
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