Introduction Paeonia lactiflora contains diverse active constituents and exhibits various pharmacological activities. However, only partial identification of biologically active substances from P . lactiflora has been achieved using low-throughput techniques. Here, the roots of P . lactiflora , namely, Fenyunu (CK), Dafugui (DFG), and Red Charm (HSML), were studied. The primary and secondary metabolites were investigated using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESIMS/MS). Methods The chemical compounds and categories were detected using broadly targeted UPLC–MS/MS. Principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were carried out for metabolites of different varieties of P . lactiflora . Results A total of 1237 compounds were detected and classified into 11 categories. HCA, PCA, and OPLS-DA of these metabolites indicated that each variety of P . lactiflora was clearly separated from the other groups. Differential accumulated metabolite analysis revealed that the three P . lactiflora varieties contained 116 differentially activated metabolites (DAMs) involved in flavonoid, flavone, and flavonol metabolism. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that, in 65 pathways, 336 differentially abundant metabolites (DMs) were enriched in the CK and DFG groups; moreover, the type and content of terpenoids were greater in the CK group than in the DFG group. The CK and HSML groups contained 457 DMs enriched in 61 pathways; the type and amount of flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins were greater in the CK group than in the HSML group. The DFG and HSML groups contained 497 DMs enriched in 65 pathways; terpenoids and alkaloids were more abundant in the HSML variety than in the DFG variety. Conclusions A total of 1237 compounds were detected, and the results revealed significant differences among the three P . lactiflora varieties. Among the three P . lactiflora varieties, phenolic acids and flavonoids composed the largest and most diverse category of metabolites, and their contents varied greatly. Therefore, CK is suitable for medicinal plant varieties, and DFG and HSML are suitable for ornamental plant varieties. Twelve proanthocyanidin metabolites likely determined the differences in color among the three varieties.
RT-qPCR is considered a rapid and reliable technique for analyzing gene expression. This technique is commonly used to analyze the expression of various genes at diverse transcriptional levels in different samples. However, few studies have characterized ornamental Koelreuteria species for reliable reference genes. In this study, eight reference genes were evaluated as controls in RT-qPCR with SYBR green to quantify gene expression in different Koelreuteria paniculata samples. All selected reference genes showed a broad range of Ct values in all samples, which was supportive of their variable expression. Our results showed significant variation in the stable expression of K. paniculata genes. Sample data, analyzed using geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper, showed that phospholipase (PLA2) and β-actin (ACT) were the most suitable and statistically reliable reference genes, whereas ribosomal protein L13 (RPL13) and elongation factor 1-α (EF1α) were less stable and unsuitable for use as internal controls. To compare gene expression levels, two or more reference genes should be used for data normalization. Thus, the stability and expression of both PLA2 and ACT were believed to provide better normalization and quantification of the transcript levels for gene expression studies in K. paniculata.
Myostatin (MSTN) is a growth and differentiation factor that regulates proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts, which in turn controls skeletal muscle growth. It may regulate myoblast differentiation by influencing miRNA expression, and the present study aimed to clarify its precise mechanism of action. Here, we found that MSTN–/– pigs showed an overgrowth of skeletal muscle and upregulated miR-455-3p level. Intervention of MSTN expression using siMSTN in C2C12 myoblasts also showed that siMSTN significantly increased the expression of miR-455-3p. It was found that miR-455-3p directly targeted the 3′-untranslated region of Smad2 by dual-luciferase assay. qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analyses indicated that miR-455-3p overexpression or Smad2 silencing in C2C12 myoblasts significantly promoted myoblast differentiation. Furthermore, siMSTN significantly increased the expression of GATA3. The levels of miR-455-3p were considerably reduced in C2C12 myoblasts following GATA3 knockdown. Consistently, GATA3 knockdown also reduced the enhanced miR-455-3p expression caused by siMSTN. Finally, we illustrated that GATA3 has a role in myoblast differentiation regulation. Taken together, we identified the expression profiles of miRNAs in MSTN–/– pigs and found that miR-455-3p positively regulates myoblast differentiation. In addition, we revealed that MSTN acts through the GATA3/miR-455-3p/Smad2 cascade to regulate muscle development.
This paper presents a 10 Gbps real-time millimeter wave OFDM experimental system using a highly efficient 64APSK modulation and 7/8 rate LDPC coding scheme. For the sensitivity of phase noise and the high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) in OFDM systems, common phase error (CPE) compensation algorithm and partial transmit sequence (PTS) PAPR suppression algorithm are implemented in this system. In this paper, a real-time 10Gbps 64-APSK end to end wireless transmission experiment system using reconfigurable Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) baseband modulator has built to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of our scheme.
Porous polymer coatings are useful for a broad range of applications including textiles, membranes, and implants. For practical applications, it is critical to have good adhesion between the substrate and the porous polymer coating. We report a solvent-free fabrication technique to create porous polymer coatings with excellent adhesion to a wide range of substrates including rigid, flexible, planar, and curved surfaces. These robust porous coatings can withstand tape tests and scratch tests. The porous coatings are fabricated by polymerization of three monomers: methacrylic acid (MAA) serves as the template for polymerization, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) promotes adhesion via epoxide functional groups, and ethylene glycol diacrylate (EGDA) improves mechanical strength through cross-linking. An additional dense base layer of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) serves to anchor the porous coating to the substrate to further improve adhesion. The porous structure of the coating and the adhesion to the substrate were retained after soaking in isopropyl alcohol, methanol, and acetone. The coatings were applied to silicon, polynorbornene rubber, and stainless-steel to demonstrate the versatility of the process. Our solventless fabrication process is versatile and scalable and therefore provides an environmentally friendly alternative to liquid-phase fabrication methods.
Abstract Microgravity is an unavoidable aspect of space flight. A three-dimensional (3D) clinostat is a great method to simulate the effects of microgravity on Earth. The impact of microgravity on plants, cells, and Caenorhabditis elegans has been extensively studied. However, no study has used a 3D clinostat apparatus to simulate the effects of microgravity on mouse models. Therefore, we conducted a study to produce a space microgravity mouse models using 3D clinostat treatment and explored the time effect of 3D clinostat treatment on the skeleton and metabolome of C57BL/J mice. Thirty 8-week-old male C57BL/J mice were randomly assigned to three groups: mice in individually ventilated cages (MC group, n = 6), mice in survival boxes (SB group, n = 12), and mice in survival boxes receiving 3D clinostat treatment (CS group, n = 12). Bone loss was assessed using microcomputed tomography of the left femur, whereas the changes in serum metabolites were monitored using untargeted metabolomics. A marked reduction in the trabecular number ( p < 0.05 ) and an increased trabecular spacing ( p < 0.1 ) were observed to occur in a time-dependent manner in the CS group compared with the SB group. Compared with the metabolome of the SB group, the metabolome of the CS group showed significant differences at Ⅰ and Ⅳ stages. Furthermore, the common pathways involved in differential metabolites in the Ⅰ and Ⅳ stages were valine, leucine, isoleucine degradation, and 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism. The KEGG pathways in the Ⅳ stages were mainly related to the nervous system, which was a result of microgravity.
Obesity is associated with increased serum fibrinogen level. Myostatin (MSTN), a strong inhibitor of skeletal muscle growth, is recognized as a potential target for obesity. However, the effect of MSTN inhibition on fibrinogen is not largely known. The objective of the present study was to explore fibrinogen levels after MSTN inhibition. Fibrinogen levels and the fibrin clot structure of MSTN homozygous knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) pigs (n = 4 in each group) were investigated. The protein expression of fibrinogen in the serum and liver of KO pigs decreased greatly (1.6-fold loss for serum and 2.5-fold loss for liver). KO pigs showed significantly decreased gene expression of fibrinogen chains: FGA (fibrinogen-α; 11-fold), FGB (fibrinogen-β; 8-fold) and FGG (fibrinogen-γ; 7.4-fold). The basal transcriptional regulators of fibrinogen, HNF1 (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1) and CEBP-α (CCAAT/Enhancing-binding protein-alpha) were remarkably down-regulated after interruption of MSTN expression by siRNA (small interfering RNA) in cultured hepatocytes (about 2- and 4-fold, respectively). Compared with WT pigs, KO pigs displayed altered fibrin clot structure with thinner fibers, decreased turbidity and increased permeability. The findings indicate that the inhibition of MSTN could affect fibrinogen levels and the fibrin clot structure.
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)