Multifunctional theranostic nanoparticles represent an emerging agent with the potential to offer extremely sensitive diagnosis and targeted cancer therapy. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a multifunctional theranostic agent (referred to as LA-LAPNHs) for targeted magnetic resonance imaging/computed X-ray tomography (MRI/CT) dual-mode imaging and photothermal therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. The LA-LAPNHs were characterized as having a core–shell structure with the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)@polydopamine (PDA) as the inner core, the indocyanine green (ICG), which is electrostatically absorbed onto the surface of PDA, as the photothermal therapeutic agent, and the lipids modified with gadolinium–1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid and lactobionic acid (LA), which is self-assembled on the outer surface as the shell. The LA-LAPNHs could be selectively internalized into the hepatocellular cell line (HepG2 cells) but not into HeLa cells due to the specific recognition ability of LA to asialoglycoprotein receptor. Additionally, the dual-mode imaging ability of the LA-LAPNH aqueous solution was confirmed by enhanced MR and CT imaging showing a shorter T1 relaxation time and a higher Hounsfield unit value, respectively. In addition, the LA-LAPNHs showed significant photothermal cytotoxicity against liver cancer cells with near-infrared irradiation due to their strong absorbance in the region between 700 and 850 nm. In summary, this study demonstrates that LA-LAPNHs may be a promising candidate for targeted MR/CT dual-mode imaging and photothermal therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Psychological quality includes three aspects: mental health,sychological role,and psychological power.Corresponding to this pattern,the construction of raining subjects for SWAT includes elementary subjects,special subjects,and comprehensive subjects.According to the development of perception and mentality,the gradual psychological training patterns for SWAT include observation,perception,psychological presentation,imitation and relaxation,etc.
Stated choice analysis has been extensively applied to understand choice behavior with travel time variability. However, under a risk-neutral and belief-neutral assumption, the conventional approach to travel time variability has a number of behavioral limitations. In this review paper, we illustrate the violation of linear utility maximization under the traditional risk-neutral assumption and the violation of linear probability weighting under the belief-neutral assumption. This paper also reviews recent stated preference studies based on behaviorally superior theories (Expected Utility Theories, Rank-Dependent Utility Theory, Cumulative Prospect Theory) that have accommodated the role of risk attitude and/or belief in understanding risky travel choice behavior, including their behavioral contributions and major advancements over previous studies. We also highlight several common errors in the majority of the existing studies including the interpretation of risk attitude, the specification of nonlinear utility and the t-test for nonlinear probability weighting, and suggest ways to avoid these problems. Several avenues for future research are set out.
Current abstractive summarization models often generate inconsistent content, i.e. texts that are not directly inferable from the source document, are not consistent with respect to world knowledge, or are self-contradictory. These inconsistencies motivate a new consistency taxonomy that we define as faithfulness, factuality, and self-supportiveness. However, most recent work on reducing inconsistency in document summarization only focuses on faithfulness detection and correction while ignoring other inconsistency phenomena, which limits the model’s scalability. To improve the general consistency we introduce EnergySum, where we apply the Residual Energy-based Model by designing energy scorers that reflect each type of consistency. These energy scores are utilized in candidate re-ranking during the sampling process. Experiments on XSUM and CNN/DM datasets show that EnergySum mitigates the trade-off between accuracy and consistency.
In traditional travel time reliability valuation studies, the value of travel time savings and the value of travel time reliability (or reduced time variability) are estimated within a linear utility functional form, which assumes risk-neutral attitudes for decision makers. In this paper, we develop nonlinear scheduling models to address both risk attitude and preference in the context of a stated choice experiment of car commuters facing risky choices where the risk is associated with the trip time. We also investigate unobserved between-individual heterogeneity in time-related parameters and risk attitudes using a mixed multinomial logit model. The willingness-to-pay values for reducing the mean travel time and variability (earlier/later than the preferred arrival time) are also estimated within the nonlinear scheduling framework. The model is then used to estimate preferred departure times for commuters, assuming that random link capacities are the source of travel time variability. Results show that the more variable travel times are, the earlier commuters depart and that the nonlinear scheduling model predicts earlier optimal departure times than the linear scheduling model does. The application in this paper helps to bridge the gap between theory and practice.
The autobiographical novel of Sylvia Plath,THE BELL JAR,is saturated with various novel and unique images.By analyzing these recurring images such as the bell jar,infant and images associated with death from the feminist perspective,this paper intends to disclose the theme implicated in the text:the relentless social reality in which the talented women get lost and broke down mentally under the great pressure of social conventions.It calls on the women who are still living in the stifling atmosphere of the bell jar to take control of their destiny,strive for the equal rights and freedom enjoyed by men,and search for the realization of self-value.
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