Dennis J. Viscusi

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

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Ziqing Zhuang

Taipei Veterans General Hospital

Ronald E. Shaffer

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Stacey Benson

Greater Pittsburgh Orthopaedic Associates

Michael Bergman

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Weihong Chen

Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Douglas Landsittel

University at Buffalo, State University of New York

Z. Zhuang

Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital

Lili Du

Software Engineering Institute of Guangzhou

Jeffrey B. Powell

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Andrew J. Palmiero

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Cooperative Institutions

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Huazhong University of Science and Technology

University of Pittsburgh

West Virginia University

Applied Technical Services (United States)

Ministry of Ecology and Environment

Medical Protective

Applied Research Associates (United States)

University at Buffalo, State University of New York

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246. Facial Anthropometric Differences Among Race/Age Groups

AIHce 1998 (2005)

Z. Zhuang Dennis J. Viscusi R. A. Shaffer Laura Williams

Age groups

10.3320/1.2758607

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Citations (1)

Evaluation of Sampling Probes for Fit Testing N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators

The Annals of Occupational Hygiene (2012)

Michael Bergman Dennis J. Viscusi Ziqing Zhuang William E. Newcomb

Previous studies have shown a sampling probe bias for measuring fit factors (FFs) in respirator facepieces. This study was conducted to evaluate three sampling probes for fit testing NIOSH-certified N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). Two phases of fit test experiments were conducted incorporating 'side-by-side' probe mounting: (i) flush probe versus deep probe and (ii) flush probe versus disc probe. Seven test subjects in Phase 1 and six subjects in Phase 2 were fit tested with one to three N95 FFR models for a total of 10 subject/FFR model combinations for each phase. For each experimental condition, induced faceseal leakage (IFSL) through an induced leak was measured using a PORTACOUNT® Plus model 8020A Respirator Fit Tester with a model 8095 N95-Companion™ accessory. For Phase 1, the mean IFSL of all flush probe measurements (3.6%) was significantly greater than (P < 0.05) the mean IFSL of all deep probe measurements (3.3%). For Phase 2, the mean IFSL of all flush probe measurements (8.5%) was not significantly greater than (P > 0.05) the mean IFSL of all disc probe measurements (8.3%). Results indicate that some leak site and subject/FFR model/leak site combination comparisons (flush probe versus deep probe or flush probe versus disc probe) were statistically different (P < 0.05). The overall mean IFSL for subject/FFR model/leak site combinations differed by 14 and 4% for the flush probe versus deep probe and the flush probe versus disc probe, respectively; however, from a practical standpoint, there is little difference between the flush probe tests compared with the deep probe or disc probe tests. Overall, IFSL measured using the flush probe is higher (resulting in a more conservative measure of faceseal leakage) compared with either the deep probe or disc probe. The more conservative results obtained using the flush probe provide support for its common usage for fit testing cup-shaped FFRs in the USA and potential use for fit testing FFRs in Europe.

Respirator

10.1093/annhyg/mes091

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Citations (4)

Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of Chinese Workers

The Annals of Occupational Hygiene (2008)

Lili Du Ziqing Zhuang Hongyu Guan Jingcai Xing Xianzhi Tang

Millions of workers in China rely on respirators and other personal protective equipment to reduce the risk of injury and occupational diseases. However, it has been >25 years since the first survey of facial dimensions for Chinese adults was published, and it has never been completely updated. Thus, an anthropometric survey of Chinese civilian workers was conducted in 2006. A total of 3000 subjects (2026 males and 974 females) between the ages of 18 and 66 years old was measured using traditional techniques. Nineteen facial dimensions, height, weight, neck circumference, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured. A stratified sampling plan of three age strata and two gender strata was implemented. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the possible effects of gender, age, occupation and body size on facial dimensions. The regression coefficients for gender indicated that for all anthropometric dimensions, males had significantly larger measurements than females. As body mass index increased, dimensions measured increased significantly. Construction workers and miners had significantly smaller measurements than individuals employed in healthcare or manufacturing for a majority of dimensions. Five representative indexes of facial dimension (face length, face width, nose protrusion, bigonial breadth and nasal root breadth) were selected based on correlation and cluster analysis of all dimensions. Through comparison with the facial dimensions of American subjects, this study indicated that Chinese civilian workers have shorter face length, smaller nose protrusion, larger face width and longer lip length.

Circumference

10.1093/annhyg/men056

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Citations (62)

224. The Effect of Subject Characteristics and Respirator Features on Respirator Fit

AIHce 1998 (2003)

Z. Zhuang R. Berry Ann Dennis J. Viscusi

Respirator

10.3320/1.2757902

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Citations (2)

Evaluation of Multiple (3-Cycle) Decontamination Processing for Filtering Facepiece Respirators

Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics (2010)

Michael Bergman Dennis J. Viscusi Brian K. Heimbuch Joseph D. Wander Anthony R. Sambol

Disposable N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) certified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) are widely used by healthcare workers to reduce exposures to infectious biological aerosols. There is currently major concern among public health officials about a possible shortage of N95 FFRs during an influenza pandemic. Decontamination and reuse of FFRs is a possible strategy for extending FFR supplies in an emergency; however, the NIOSH respirator certification process does not currently include provisions for decontamination and reuse. Recent studies have investigated the laboratory performance (filter aerosol penetration and filter airflow resistance) and physical integrity of FFRs following one-cycle (1X) processing of various decontamination treatments. The studies found that a single application of some methods did not adversely affect laboratory performance. In the event that healthcare facilities experience dramatic shortages of FFR supplies, multiple decontamination processing may become necessary. This study investigates three-cycle (3X) processing of eight different methods: ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, hydrogen peroxide vapor, microwave-oven-generated steam, bleach, liquid hydrogen peroxide, and moist heat incubation (pasteurization). A four-hour 3X submersion of FFR in deionized water was performed for comparison (control). Following 3X treatment by each decontamination and control method, FFRs were evaluated for changes in physical appearance, odor, and laboratory filtration performance. Only the hydrogen peroxide gas plasma treatment resulted in mean penetration levels > 5% for four of the six FFR models; FFRs treated by the seven other methods and the control samples had expected levels of filter aerosol penetration (< 5%) and filter airflow resistance. Physical damage varied by treatment method. Further research is still needed before any specific decontamination methods can be recommended.

Respirator

Human decontamination

10.1177/155892501000500405

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Citations (185)

Facial Shape Variation of U.S. Respirator Users

Lecture notes in computer science (2009)

Ziqing Zhuang Dennis E. Slice Stacey Benson Douglas Landsittel Dennis J. Viscusi

Respirator

Variation (astronomy)

Sample (material)

Landmark

10.1007/978-3-642-02809-0_61

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Citations (2)

A New Approach to Developing Digital 3-D Headforms

SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series (2008)

Ziqing Zhuang Dennis J. Viscusi

10.4271/2008-01-1878

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Citations (10)

New Respirator Fit Test Panels Representing the Current Chinese Civilian Workers

The Annals of Occupational Hygiene (2009)

Weihong Chen Ziqing Zhuang Stacey Benson Lili Du Dan Yu

Respirator fit test panels provide an objective tool for selecting representative human test subjects based upon their facial characteristics for use in research, product development, testing and certification. Fit test panels were typically based upon anthropometric data such as the 1967-1968 survey of American military personnel. In this study, the objectives were to: (i) evaluate the applicability of the recently developed National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) respirator fit test panels for Chinese workers and (ii) develop new respirator fit test panels using the Chinese survey data. Overall, 95% of the workers in the Chinese survey fall within the NIOSH bivariate and principal component analysis (PCA) panels, suggesting that these panels would also be appropriate for the Chinese population. However, distribution of the subject across the panels was not uniform; only 6.3% of survey participants fell into five cells of the bivariate panel and only 7.2% were found within three cells of the PCA panel. Therefore, new respirator fit test panels with subject dimensions and distributions specific to Chinese workers may be beneficial for certain applications. Two new respirator fit test panels were developed with the same techniques used to create the NIOSH panels. All measurements were weighted to match age and gender distributions of the Chinese population from the 2005 census. The bivariate approach used face length and face width measurements, and the PCA panel was developed using the first two principal components obtained from a set of 10 facial dimensions. Respirators designed to fit these Chinese worker-specific panels are also likely to accommodate >95% of Chinese workers.

Respirator

10.1093/annhyg/men089

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Citations (46)

Shape Analysis of 3D Head Scan Data for U.S. Respirator Users

EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing (2010)

Ziqing Zhuang Dennis E. Slice Stacey Benson Stephanie Lynch Dennis J. Viscusi

In 2003, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a head-and-face anthropometric survey of diverse, civilian respirator users. Of the 3,997 subjects measured using traditional anthropometric techniques, surface scans and 26 three-dimensional (3D) landmark locations were collected for 947 subjects. The objective of this study was to report the size and shape variation of the survey participants using the 3D data. Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) was conducted to standardize configurations of landmarks associated with individuals into a common coordinate system. The superimposed coordinates for each individual were used as commensurate variables that describe individual shape and were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify population variation. The first four principal components (PC) account for 49% of the total sample variation. The first PC indicates that overall size is an important component of facial variability. The second PC accounts for long and narrow or short and wide faces. Longer narrow orbits versus shorter wider orbits can be described by PC3, and PC4 represents variation in the degree of ortho/prognathism. Geometric Morphometrics provides a detailed and interpretable assessment of morphological variation that may be useful in assessing respirators and devising new test and certification standards.

Landmark

Respirator

Variation (astronomy)

Sample (material)

Multiple correspondence analysis

Morphometrics

10.1155/2010/248954

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Citations (15)

Correlation Between Respirator Fit and Respirator Fit Test Panel Cells by Respirator Size

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (2008)

Ziqing Zhuang Dennis W. Groce Heinz Ahlers Wafik H. Iskander Douglas Landsittel

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), recognizing the difficulties inherent in using old military data to define modern industrial respirator fit test panels, recently completed a study to develop an anthropometric database of the measurements of heads and faces of civilian respirator users. Based on the data collected, NIOSH researchers developed two new panels for fit testing half-facepiece and full-facepiece respirators. One of the new panels (NIOSH bivariate panel) uses face length and face width. The other panel is based on principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the linear combination of facial dimensions that best explains facial variations. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between respirator fit and the new NIOSH respirator fit test panel cells for various respirator sizes. This study was carried out on 30 subjects that were selected in part using the new NIOSH bivariate panel. Fit tests were conducted on the test subjects using a PORTACOUNT device and three exercises. Each subject was tested with three replications of four models of P-100 half-facepiece respirators in three sizes. This study found that respirator size significantly influenced fit within a given panel cell. Face size categories also matched the respirator sizing reasonably well, in that the small, medium, and large face size categories achieved the highest geometric mean fit factors in the small, medium, and large respirator sizes, respectively. The same pattern holds for fit test passing rate. Therefore, a correlation was found between respirator fit and the new NIOSH bivariate fit test panel cells for various respirator sizes. Face sizes classified by the PCA panel also followed a similar pattern with respirator fit although not quite as consistently. For the LANL panel, however, both small and medium faces achieved best fit in small size respirators, and large faces achieved best fit in medium respirators. These findings support the selection of the facial dimensions for developing the new NIOSH bivariate respirator fit test panel.

Respirator

10.1080/15459620802293810

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Citations (38)