More accurate sensors that track the speed difference between P-waves and S-waves created by fault ruptures have facilitated the development of effective earthquake early warning systems. Japan has been using this technology since the 1960s to stop bullet trains and prevent earthquake-induced derailments. The seismically active Palm Springs, California, area adopted this technology in the 1980s to increase the speed of fire department response. The U.S. Geological Survey, California Institute of Technology at Pasadena, University of California at Berkeley, California Office of Emergency Services, and other agencies and organizations are partnering to create a public warning network for the heavily populated earthquake-prone areas of Los Angeles and San Francisco. Earthquake early warning (EEW) enhances resilience by encouraging investment in retrofitting for seismic strengthening, by developing policies for responding to the warnings, and through public education about the meaning of warnings and appropriate responses to them. Challenges remain, however, in the development of effective public warning within the blind zone near the epicenter of an earthquake where the time difference between the P- and S-waves is so short that no warning can be issued, as was demonstrated in the 2014 Napa Earthquake. Other challenges include the high cost of developing and maintaining public EEW systems. This chapter discusses how these challenges factor into the design of such a system.
Research design requires considerations of methodologies that will best collect and summarize the events and their impacts on human subjects and the natural environment. This research must take into account the ethical standards that will impact the designs that are used and how they are implemented in the field and in practical application. University institutional review boards enforce general norms of human subject research in the social sciences as articulated by the Belmont Report. But ethical considerations for field research go beyond these norms. How do researchers avoid re-traumatizing participants as they relive the disaster? How are the experiences of first responders best captured? What are the challenges of being a participant observer? What are the ethical issues in quasi-experimental designs? How does bias impact case studies through topic selection, research question design, and test subject selection? How does a researcher ethically manage self-selection bias to avoid false assumptions and findings? How do "incentives" influence participation and outcomes? These and other challenges will be raised and explored using interviews with disaster researchers, examination of disaster research protocols, and case studies from fieldwork in actual disasters.
The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine has been approved for emergency use by the UK regulatory authority, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, with a regimen of two standard doses given with an interval of 4-12 weeks. The planned roll-out in the UK will involve vaccinating people in high-risk categories with their first dose immediately, and delivering the second dose 12 weeks later. Here, we provide both a further prespecified pooled analysis of trials of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and exploratory analyses of the impact on immunogenicity and efficacy of extending the interval between priming and booster doses. In addition, we show the immunogenicity and protection afforded by the first dose, before a booster dose has been offered.
This popular text effectively combines a traditional case focus with clear and concise coverage of a wide range of up-to-date topics. Since most students will become businesspersons, the material is presented from the perspective of the professional non-lawyer.
This book offers the opportunity to learn key points of the law from the standpoint of a working professional. Unlike other books it does not get bogged down in the complexities of the law, but tries to focus, in a very straightforward manner, on the core legal concepts that will be most essential for the business manager to know.
Rather than conveying the material in the serious tone of many other legal environment books, the easy readability of this text, interjected with points of humor and levity, make it much easier for the key ideas to come across.
A Global Journal (POR) invites article proposals for a Special Issue Symposium on "Global Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic."Proposals for scholarly papers on a wide range of sub-topics using quantitative and/ or qualitative analysis approaches will be considered, including strong theoretical works, single-site case studies, and comparative case studies.Scholarly manuscripts must be grounded in theory/literature and empirical evidence, and use sound analytical methods.Findings should be generalizable.Single-site case studies will be subject to different, more practical, review criteria.
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