V.E. Noshkin

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

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R.J. Eagle

Cheshire West and Chester

K.M. Wong

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

T.A. Jokela

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

J.L. Brunk

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

W.L. Robison

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

V.T. Bowen

University of Calgary

J. Gastaud

International University of Monaco

K.M. Wong

Vancouver Aquarium

H.L. Volchok

United States Department of Energy

Scott W. Fowler

Tecplot (United States)

Cooperative Institutions

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

International University of Monaco

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Oregon State University

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

International Atomic Energy Agency

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Argonne National Laboratory

Lawrence Livermore National Security

Columbia University

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Table 5) Concentrations and vertical fluxes of transuranics in sinking particles at trap DYF2

Scott W. Fowler V.E. Noshkin Jagoda Roša J. Gastaud

Table (database)

Trap (plumbing)

10.1594/pangaea.183758

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Radionuclides in sediments and seawater at Rongelap Atoll

V.E. Noshkin W.L. Robison R.J. Eagle J.L. Brunk

The present concentrations and distributions of long-lived, man-made radionuclides in Rongelap Atoll lagoon surface sediments, based on samples collected and analyzed in this report. The radionuclides were associated with debris generated with the 1954 Bravo thermonuclear test at Bikini Atoll. Presently, only {sup 90}Sr and the transuranic radionuclides are found associated with the surface sediments in any quantity. Other radionuclides, including {sup 60}Co and {sup 137} Cs, are virtually absent and have either decayed or migrated from the deposits to the overlying seawater. Present inventories of {sup 241}Am and {sup 249+240}Pu in the surface layer at Rongelap are estimated to be 3% of the respective inventories in surface sediments from Bikini Atoll. There is a continuous slow release of the transuranics from the sediments back to the water column. The inventories will only slowly change with time unless the chemical-physical processes that now regulate this release to the water column are changed or altered.

Atoll

10.2172/641111

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Comparative behavior of plutonium and americium in the equatorial Pacific

V.E. Noshkin K.M. Wong T.A. Jokela J.L. Brunk R.J. Eagle

Inventories of /sup 239 +240/Pu and /sup 241/Am greatly in excess of global fallout levels persist in the benthic environments of Bikini and Enewetak Atolls. The amount of /sup 239 +240/Pu mobilized to solution at the atolls can be predicted from a distribution coefficient K/sub d/ of 2.3 x 10/sup 5/ and the mean sediment concentrations. The mobilized /sup 239 +240/Pu has solute-like characteristics and different valence states coexist in solution - the largest fraction of the soluble plutonium is in an oxidized form (+V,VI). The adsorption of plutonium to sediments is not completely reversible because of changes that occur in the relative amounts of the mixed oxidation states in solution with time. Characteristics of /sup 239 +240/Pu described at one location may not necessarily describe its behavior elsewhere. The relative amounts of /sup 241/Am to /sup 239 +240/Pu may be altered in future years because of mobilization and radiological decay.

Plutonium-240

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Detection of cadmium radioactivity in the marine environment

V.E. Noshkin K.M. Wong R.J. Eagle D.L. Anglin

Sediment and tissues from different marine organisms recently collected atolls of the Marshall Islands have been found to contain measurable amounts of /sup 113m/Cd previously deposited to the atolls during the testing of nuclear devices at the Pacific Proving Grounds. /sup 113m/Cd has been also detected in some internal organs of mullet collected from the east coast of the United States in an area contaminated only with global fallout debris. This is one of the few summaries to show that this long-lived radionuclide (T/sub 1/2/ = 14.6 yr) exists and persists in the marine environment. It is the dominant anthropogenic radionuclide in the liver of some pelagic fish from Bikini and Enewetak Atolls and is found concentrated in other tissues and organs of all fish analyzed. Dose to man from /sup 113m/Cd ingestion is being assessed at the Marshall Islands and should be done at any other global site where contamination by this radionuclide is suspected in the aquatic environment.

Atoll

radioactive contamination

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Preliminary evaluation of the radiological quality of the water on Bikini and Eneu Islands

V.E. Noshkin K.M. Wong R.J. Eagle George W. Brown

In June of 1975 a survey was conducted to determine the residual radioactivity in the terrestrial environment on the two main islands (Eneu and Bikini) of Bikini Atoll. The objective was to evaluate the potential radiation doses that could be received by the Bikinians scheduled to return to their atoll. This report describes the radiological quality of the groundwater during June 1975 (from data obtained from water samples collected at old and new well sites on both islets) and the cistern water on Bikini island. Based on the analyses of these samples, the cistern water from Bikini Island is both chemically and radiologically acceptable as drinking water in accordance with standard limits established by the U. S. Public Health Service. On both islands the quality of the ground water varies from one site to another. At some wells both chemical and radiological quality are acceptable; at others one or both is unacceptable according to U. S. Public Health Standards. (auth)

Atoll

Cistern

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Environmental radiological studies conducted during 1986 in the vicinity of the Rancho Seco Nuclear Power Generating Station

V.E. Noshkin K.M. Wong R.J. Eagle J.L. Brunk T.A. Jokela

This report summarizes the information compiled in 1986 for our assessment of the environmental impact of radionuclides discharged with aqueous releases from the Rancho Seco Nuclear Power Generating Plant. In October 1984, a liquid-effluent control program was initiated that significantly reduced the quantities of radionuclides discharged with liquid waste from the plant. However, results from our sampling program in 1986 indicate that previously discharged radionuclides persist in the downstream environment and are found in many aquatic dietary components although at concentrations much lower than those measured in 1984 and 1985. The greatly reduced activities in the dietary components from the aquatic environment attest to the effectiveness of the liquid-effluent control program. Concentrations in the flesh of fish from the creeks have decreased over time and with distance from the plant outfall. The mean concentration of /sup 137/Cs in fish collected from Laguna Creek at locations more than 7.5 km from Rancho Seco is now comparable to the concentration determined in fresh-water fish randomly selected from Chicago, Illinois, markets. By August 1986, the mean concentration of /sup 137/Cs in the flesh of bluegill had fallen to 7% of the concentration measured in fish from comparable locations in 1984 and was 30% of the mean concentration measured in these fish during August 1985. Stable potassium in the water plays a major role in the accumulation of /sup 137/Cs by fish. Concentrations of /sup 137/Cs in the surface sections of creek sediments also declined between the end of 1984 and 1986 with an effective half-life of approximately 2 y. Surface soils collected around a perimeter 11 km from Rancho Seco and from ranchlands closer to the plant showed only concentrations of /sup 137/Cs originating from global fallout. Soils previously irrigated with Clay Creek water retain levels of both /sup 134/Cs and /sup 137/Cs.

Flesh

Outfall

10.2172/6522203

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Radionuclides in the marine environment near the Farallon Islands. [/sup 238/Pu, /sup 239/Pu, /sup 240/Pu, /sup 137/Cs]

V.E. Noshkin K.M. Wong T.A. Jokela R.J. Eagle J.L. Brunk

Isolated sediment areas containing plutonium and cesium radionuclide concentrations exceeding Pacific Ocean global radionuclide fallout levels have been reported in the Farallon Islands radioactive waste disposal area, west of San Francisco. We find the total /sup 239 +240/Pu and /sup 137/Cs inventory of Farallon water columns to be within global fallout levels. The quantity of these radionuclides from nonfallout sources contaminating the sedimentary environment is unknown, but their contribution to the total water column inventory is insignificant compared with present fallout levels. Fish and invertebrates from the disposal region contain body burdens of /sup 239 +240/Pu and /sup 137/Cs no greater than similar species exposed to global fallout. Within deep (2000 m) Farallon sediments, we do find that /sup 238/Pu concentrations exceeding anticipated fallout levels are being remobilized to bottom waters. Fallout plutonium appears to be displaced laterally from the continental shelf down the slope into deeper offshore waters. Remobilized waste from the disposal site probably is displaced in the same manner.

Plutonium-240

waste disposal

Strontium-90

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APPLICATION OF ACTIVATION ANALYSIS AND Ge(Li) DETECTION TECHNIQUES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF STABLE ELEMENTS IN MARINE AEROSOLS.

N.D. Dudey L.E. Ross V.E. Noshkin

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Ocean fallout-The Crater Lake Experiment

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (1970)

H.L. Volchok M. Feiner H. James Simpson Wallace S. Broecker V.E. Noshkin

By the analysis of water and sediment cores, the total inventory of strontium 90 in Crater Lake, Oregon, was determined to be 4.2 curies. In terms of surface fallout, this is equivalent to about 70 mc/km2. The comparable fallout on the surrounding land area, determined from analyses of soil sections was 58 mc/km2, and a value predicted by extrapolation from other Oregon stations was 73 mc/km2. Hence, no substantial difference in the efficiency of fallout collection could be attributed to the mere presence of the large water surface.

Crater lake

Strontium-90

10.1029/jc075i006p01084

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Citations (31)

Radionuclide concentrations and dose assessment of cistern water and groundwater at the Marshall Islands

V.E. Noshkin R.J. Eagle K.M. Wong T.A. Jokela W.L. Robison

A radiological survey was conducted from September through November of 1978 to determine the concentrations of radionuclides in the terrestrial and marine environments of 11 atolls and 2 islands in the Northern Marshall Islands. More than 70 cistern and groundwater samples were collected at the atolls; the volume of each sample was between 55 and 100 l. The concentration of /sup 90/Sr in cistern water at most atolls is that expected from world-wide fallout in wet deposition. Except for Bikini and Rongelap, /sup 137/Cs concentrations in cistern water are in agreement with the average predicted concentrations from wet deposition. The /sup 239 +240/Pu concentrations are everywhere less than the predicted fallout concentrations except at Rongelap, Ailinginae, and Bikini where the measured and predicted concentrations are in general agreement. During the period sampled, most groundwater concentrations of /sup 90/Sr and /sup 137/Cs were everywhere higher than the concentrations in cistern water. Concentrations of the transurancies in filtered groundwater solution were everywhere comparable to or less than the concentrations in cistern water. It is concluded that the concentrations of radionuclides detected during any single period may not necessarily reflect the long-term average concentrations or the concentrations that might be observed if amore » lined well were extended above the surface. In any case, at all atolls the /sup 90/Sr and /sup 137/Cs concentrations in groundwater are below the concentration guidelines for drinking water recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency. The maximum annual dose rates and the 30- and 50-y integral doses are calculated for the intake of both cistern water and groundwater for each of the atolls.« less

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Atoll

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Citations (8)