✓ The growth and metastatic behavior of five human glioblastoma multiforme xenografts and nine human xenografts of various histological types were compared in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. The results demonstrate that the metastatic behavior of the human glioblastoma multiforme xenografts did not differ significantly from a variety of other histological xenografts when evaluated at the same transplantation site in the SCID model. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the site of glioblastoma multiforme growth influences the extraneural metastatic spread of this disease and lead the authors to suggest that the clinical rarity of distant metastasis is not a fundamental property of these cells. A total of 340 male 7- to 8-week-old SCID mice received subcutaneous transplantation of tumor fragments (21–25 mice per tumor type). The tumor-bearing leg was amputated when the tumor reached a volume of 500 mm 3 ; mice were observed for up to 5 months. There was a trend for a lower take rate, longer latent period, longer volume doubling time (VDT) and growth time (GT) in glioblastoma multiforme as opposed to carcinoma and soft tissue sarcoma xenografts. The highest local recurrence rates (78% and 68%) were observed in two glioblastomas multiforme. Both the glioblastoma multiforme and the other histological xenografts exhibited a widely varying metastatic rate: no correlation was demonstrated between VDT, GT, local control/recurrence, and distant metastasis. These findings show SCID mice to be an attractive model for further biological and preclinical studies of human glioblastoma multiforme.
Costs of production for switchgrass vary depending upon yields. For 4 ton yield estimated production costs are $82.23 per ton. Storage and transportation add another $31.42 per ton.
and Implications Hog production has historically been a significant, value-adding industry in Iowa. Sales of finishing hogs can result in gross income in the range of $2.5 billion annually. The economic activity would be greater as there are impacts on upstream and downstream sectors of the economy. Accounting for these impacts leads to a generation of more than $3 billion of annual gross product in Iowa. Throughout the past three decades, the swine breeding herd in Iowa has experienced a decreasing trend, with relatively sharp declines coming since the early 1990’s. Producers have increasingly looked to other parts of North America for a supply of feeder pigs. This reflects a lost opportunity for the Iowa pork production industry. This study evaluates the viability and economic impact of expanding the number of sows farrowed in Iowa. We estimate the impacts to the aggregate state economy from a revival of pig farrowing. Our estimates of costs and returns to farrowing show the potential to generate much value added profit. These profits would benefit farm owners, managers, input suppliers, and processors, etc. These impacts will ripple throughout the economy including rural communities. A 5 million head increase in SEW pig production would require approximately 238,000 additional sows. The feed bill would be about $30 million while the labor bill would be about $35 million. The income earned by employees and to those that sold the feed etc. goes toward buying other goods and services, multiplying the overall economic impact. In aggregate the addition of 5 million feeder/SEW pigs would produce $270 million of economic activity. A large part of this would occur in rural communities.
ABSTRACT This article presents new and conclusive evidence to resolve the long-running controversy over whether the loyalist association movement of 1792 was spontaneous or was crafted by government. It shows that Pitt and his colleagues did not know in advance of John Reeves's proposals for the Crown and Anchor association before they were published on 23 November and it suggests who Reeves's original collaborators probably were. It then goes on to show how Pitt and his cousin, Lord Grenville, confronted with many demands and proposals for associations at this time, quickly seized upon the Reeves project as the most adaptable to their own ends and produced a new draft, redefining his proposals in the directions they were prepared to see such a movement take. This they induced Reeves to publish as a second declaration on 26 November and they went on to promote as the example and inspiration for a wider association movement.
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