A ground-water study consisting of test-well drilling, aquifer tests, and numerical simulation was done to investigate ground-water availability in the basal part of the Hawi aquifer between the western drainage divide of Pololu Valley and Upolu Point in Kohala, Hawaii. The test-well drilling provided information on geology, water levels, water quality, vertical extent of the freshwater, and the thickness of the freshwater-saltwater transition zone in that aquifer. A total of 12 test wells were drilled at eight locations. Aquifer tests were done at five locations to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer. Using information on the distribution of recharge, vertical extent of freshwater, hydraulic conductivity, and geometry of the basal aquifer, a numerical model was used to simulate the movement of water into, through, and out of the basal aquifer, and the effect of additional pumping on the water levels in the aquifer. Results of the modeling indicate that ground-water withdrawal of 20 million gallons per day above the existing withdrawal of 0.6 million gallons per day from the basal aquifer is hydrologically feasible, but that spacing, depth, and pumping rates of individual wells are important. If pumping is concentrated, the likelihood of saltwater intrusion is increased. The additional withdrawal of 20 million gallons per day would result in a reduction of ground-water discharge to the ocean by an amount equal to pumpage. Although model-calculated declines in water-level outside the area of pumping are small, pumping could cause some reduction of streamflow near the mouth of Pololu Stream.
Boiling water nuclear reactors (BWR's) experience radioactive film buildup on the inner walls of their out-of-core stainless steel (S.S.) cooling water pipes. These films consist of various oxides of Fe, Cr, and Ni, and contain small amounts of radioactive Co-60. As a result the pipes must be decontaminated or replaced periodically. Efforts are currently being made to passivate these S.S. surfaces so as to reduce the rate of radiation buildup. In the present work, the effects of various protective metallic thin film coatings on the morphology of the radioactive oxide film grown in a simulated BWR test loop are reported.
To determine if there are therapeutic advantages to oil-soluble contrast medium compared with water-soluble medium during hysterosalpingography.A randomized, controlled trial including 56 infertile patients undergoing hysterosalpingography was performed. After a hysterosalpingogram with water-soluble contrast demonstrated tubal patency, 30 patients were randomized to receive oil-soluble contrast medium (oil group) and 26 patients received no additional contrast medium (control group). The outcome was pregnancy and timing of pregnancy in relation to hysterosalpingography. There were 18 (64%) pregnancies in the oil group and 14 (56%) pregnancies in the control group. Mean time to achieve pregnancy was shorter in the oil group: 3.8 months in the oil group compared with 6.1 months in the control group (P =.06) There was a clinically meaningful improvement in pregnancy rates between the oil group and the control group at 1 month postprocedure (relative risk [RR] 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.6, 7.2). However, at 12 months postprocedure, the advantage was diminished. (RR 1.3, CI 0.8, 2.1)Eighteen months after hysterosalpingography, contrast does not appear to influence cumulative pregnancy rates; however, the addition of oil-soluble contrast medium to water-soluble contrast medium may have the potential to reduce the time to conception.
Objective To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of a thermal uterine balloon system with hysteroscopic rollerball ablation in the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Methods Two hundred fifty-five premenopausal women were treated in a randomized multicenter study comparing thermal uterine balloon therapy with hysteroscopic rollerball ablation for the treatment of menorrhagia. Preproce-dural and postprocedural menstrual diary scores and quality-of-life questionnaires were obtained. Twelve-month follow-up data are presented on 239 women. Results Twelve-month results indicated that both tech-niques significantly reduced menstrual blood flow with no clinically significant difference between the two groups as reflected by return to normal bleeding or less (balloon 80.2% and rollerball ablation 84.3%). Multiple quality-of-life ques-tionnaire results were also similar, including percent of patients highly satisfied with their results (balloon 85.6% compared with rollerball 86.7%). A 90% decrease in diary scores was seen in more than 60% of patients in both groups. Procedural time was reduced significantly in the uterine balloon therapy group. Intraoperative complications oc-curred in 3.2% of the hysteroscopic rollerball patients, whereas no intraoperative complications occurred in the thermal balloon group. Conclusion In the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding, uterine balloon therapy is as efficacious as hysteroscopic rollerball ablation and may be safer.
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