Gladys Carrión

Naval Medical Research Unit Six

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Jean K. Carr

Henry M. Jackson Foundation

V. Alberto Laguna-Torres

National University of San Marcos

Silvia M. Montano

Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi

María Mercedes Ávila

University of Oxford

Kevin L. Russell

Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States)

Gloria Chauca

Naval Medical Research Unit Six

Christian T. Bautista

Naval Medical Research Unit Six

Juan J. Pérez

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya

María A. Pando

Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida

Mónica Negrete

Naval Medical Research Command

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Naval Medical Research Unit Six

Naval Medical Research Command

Henry M. Jackson Foundation

Ministry of Health

Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National University of San Marcos

University of California, Davis

Jackson Foundation

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Two HIV-1 Epidemics in Argentina: Different Genetic Subtypes Associated With Different Risk Groups

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (2002)

María Mercedes Ávila María A. Pando Gladys Carrión Liliana Martínez Peralta Horacio Salomón

Summary: This study determined the risk behaviors and viral subtypes of HIV-1 found in 134 heterosexual HIV-seroprevalent maternity patients, 41 of their sexual partners (men who have sex with women [MSW]), and 95 homosexual men (men who have sex with men [MSM]) from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were purified from blood and used for DNA extraction, amplification, and genotyping by the envelope heteroduplex mobility assay (env HMA). Most of the women had been infected by having sex with an already infected partner (84%), whereas most of the male partners had been infected via drug use (76%). Both the patients and their sexual partners were poorly educated, only 30% having completed secondary school. The MSM study subjects, however, were significantly better educated and had a lower prevalence of injecting drug use. Env HMA subtype F was found in 77% (103 of 134) of the maternity patients, with similar rates in their partners (73%). Most of the remaining samples were env subtype B. All but one of the couples was concordant in subtype. In the MSM risk group, however, only 10% were env HMA subtype F. Ninety percent of the MSM samples were subtype B. There are at least two independent epidemics of HIV-1 infection in Buenos Aires, Argentina. One, in heterosexual men and women, is dominated by env subtype F whereas the other, in homosexual men, is dominated by env subtype B, as determined by env HMA.

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10.1097/00042560-200204010-00015

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Distribución de los subtipos del VIH-1 en nueve países de América del Sur, 1995-2002

DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (2005)

V. Alberto Laguna-Torres James G. Olson José L. Sánchez Silvia M. Montano Gloria Chauca

Objectives: To determine human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype distribution, and the presence of recombinant strains in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela using epidemiological and genotyping studies. Materials and Methods: Participants in the studies performed in nine countries were included, amongst them female sex workers, men who have sex with men (MSM), HIV-positive individuals, pregnant women, and patients with tuberculosis (TB) were included. Envelope-base heteroduplex mobility assay (env HMA) testing was used, as well as ProRT, complete sequencing, or both for determining HIV-1 subtypes. Results: 3081 HIV positive individuals were identified (out of 42 290 volunteers), prevalences from less than 1% to 29% in the different populations studied, and it was higher among MSM. 1654 samples (54%) underwent genotyping. B subtype was found in 1380 (83%) samples, F subtype was found in 218 (13%) samples, and A and C subtypes were found in 0,1% and 0,4%, respectively. BF recombinant serotypes were found in 39 samples (2%), and CRF01_AE (0,1%), CRF17_BF (0,4%), and CRF02_AG (0,1%) were also found. In Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile (Andean countries) subtype B predominated, while in Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay there was a high frequency of F subtype. Conclusions: In most Andean countries, HIV-1 epidemic concentrated among MSM, who are predominantly infected with B subtype. F subtype is more frequent among female sex workers in Argentina and Uruguay. This is useful information in order to implement prevention plans and future vaccine tests in this region.

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Two HIV-1 Epidemics in Argentina: Different Genetic Subtypes Associated With Different Risk Groups

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (2002)

María Mercedes Ávila María A. Pando Gladys Carrión Liliana Martínez Peralta Horacio Salomón

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10.1097/00126334-200204010-00015

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Circulating Recombinant Form CRF02_AG in South America

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses (2003)

Gladys Carrión Jesse Hierholzer Silvia M. Montano Aracely Alava Juan J. Pérez

With the objective of monitoring the distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs)in South America, population-based surveillance studies were performed in seven countries. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell, filter paper, fresh blood, and cocultivation samples were collected from HIV-positive patients from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay, during a 7-year period(1995-2001). DNA was prepared and HIV envelope subtypes were determined by heteroduplex mobility as-say and DNA sequencing from 1289 HIV-positive samples. While subtypes B and F were the most commonly observed subtypes, two CRF02_AG strains were detected, in Ecuador. This is the first report of the existence of this CRF in South America.

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10.1089/088922203764969537

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High genetic variability of HIV-1 in female sex workers from Argentina

Retrovirology (2007)

María A. Pando Lindsay M. Eyzaguirre Gladys Carrión Silvia M. Montano José L. Sánchez

A cross-sectional study on 625 Female Sex Workers (FSWs) was conducted between 2000 and 2002 in 6 cities in Argentina. This study describes the genetic diversity and the resistance profile of the HIV-infected subjects. Seventeen samples from HIV positive FSWs were genotyped by env HMA, showing the presence of 9 subtype F, 6 subtype B and 2 subtype C. Sequence analysis of the protease/RT region on 16 of these showed that 10 were BF recombinants, three were subtype B, two were subtype C, and one sample presented a dual infection with subtype B and a BF recombinant. Full-length genomes of five of the protease/RT BF recombinants were also sequenced, showing that three of them were CRF12_BF. One FSW had a dual HIV-1 infection with subtype B and a BF recombinant. The B sections of the BF recombinant clustered closely with the pure B sequence isolated from the same patient. Major resistance mutations to antiretroviral drugs were found in 3 of 16 (18.8%) strains. The genetic diversity of HIV strains among FSWs in Argentina was extensive; about three-quarters of the samples were infected with diverse BF recombinants, near twenty percent had primary ART resistance and one sample presented a dual infection. Heterosexual transmission of genetically diverse, drug resistant strains among FSWs and their clients represents an important and underestimated threat, in Argentina.

10.1186/1742-4690-4-58

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SEROINCIDENCE AND PHYLOGENY OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTIONS IN A COHORT OF COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS IN MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (2005)

José Viñoles Margarita Serra José Russi Dora Ruchansky Sergio Sosa‐Estáni

A cohort study involving 60 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative male transvestite commercial sex workers (CSWs) was conducted in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1999–2001. Serum samples were tested for HIV by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay screening with immunoblot confirmation. Six participants seroconverted for an incidence-density rate of 6.03 (95% confidence interval = 2.21–13.12) per 100 person-years. Inconsistent condom use during client sex (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 6.7), during oral sex (AHR = 5.6), and at the last sexual encounter (AHR = 7.8), and use of marihuana (AHR = 5.4) were marginally associated with HIV seroconversion. Five samples were genotyped in the protease and reverse transcriptase regions; three were subtypes B and two were BF recombinants. Full genome analysis of four samples confirmed all three subtype B samples and one of the two BF recombinants. Male transvestite CSWs sustained a high rate of HIV infection. Larger prospective studies are required to better define subtypes and associated sexual and drug-related risk factors.

Sex workers

10.4269/ajtmh.2005.72.495

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Human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis in Argentina: prevalence, genotypes and risk factors

Journal of Medical Microbiology (2008)

María A. Pando Cristina De Salvo Christian T. Bautista Lindsay M. Eyzaguirre Gladys Carrión

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and genetic variability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among 205 patients with clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in Buenos Aires in 2001. Infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV), HIV-1, hepatitis C virus (HCV), Treponema pallidum and human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I/II were diagnosed in 37/187 (19.8 %), 35/205 (17.1 %), 22/187 (11.8 %), 13/187 (7.0 %) and 4/181 (2.2 %) patients, respectively. Almost one in three participants (33.1 %) presented at least one infection in addition to TB. Multiresistance to TB drugs (isoniazid plus rifampicin) was detected in the isolates recovered from three patients. Injecting drug use was detected as the main risk factor for HIV, HBV and HCV infections. Of ten patients who died, eight were infected with HIV. HIV genetic characterization showed the presence of two different subtypes. Env subtype F was found in 13/24 samples (54.2 %) and subtype B in 11/24 samples (45.8 %) by heteroduplex mobility assay. Sequencing of the protease/RT region was performed in ten samples: three were characterized as subtype B and seven as B/F recombinants by bootscanning analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of four full-length sequences showed that three were the circulating recombinant form CRF12_BF. The results of this study suggest an urgent need to detect HIV infection in high-risk groups to prevent future HIV transmission as well as morbidity and mortality associated with TB by providing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and/or TB treatment. Collaboration between TB and HIV programmes seems to be the best approach to decrease the incidence of these diseases, especially in high-prevalence HIV settings.

Hepatitis B

10.1099/jmm.0.47492-0

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Molecular Epidemiology of HIV Type 1 in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Argentina

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses (2002)

Jesse Hierholzer Silvia M. Montano Michael Höelscher Mónica Negrete Matthew Hierholzer

Surveillance for HIV infection among people at increased risk was conducted in five countries in South America. Seroprevalence studies were conducted in more than 36,000 people in Ecuador, Peru, Boliva, Uruguay, and Argentina, along with genetic analysis of the HIV-1 strains. In all countries, the prevalence of HIV-1 among men who have sex with men (MSM) was high (3–30%), whereas the prevalence among female commercial sex workers (FCSMs) was low (0.3–6%). By envelope heteroduplex mobility assay, subtype B predominated in MSM communities and in FCSWs in Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru. A new genetic screening assay, the multiregion hybridization assay for subtypes B and F (MHA-bf), was developed to improve large-scale genetic screening in South America. MHA-bf can screen four regions of the genome for subtype B or subtype F, and thus can detect most recombinants. The sensitivity of MHA-bf when applied to a panel of pure subtypes and CRF12_BF was 100%, and 88% of unique recombinants were also detected as recombinant. Using MHA-bf, more than 80% of samples from Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia were classified as pure subtype B, whereas in Uruguay and Argentina this proportion was only 30 to 40%. BF recombinants were the most prevalent form of HIV-1 in Uruguay and Argentina. Subtype B is the most common subtype in countries lacking injecting drug use (IDU) epidemics, whereas BF recombinants are more common in countries where extensive IDU epidemics have been documented, suggesting the ontogeny of recombinant strains in particular risk groups in South America.

Seroprevalence

Molecular Epidemiology

Heteroduplex

10.1089/088922202320935410

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Non-rhinovirus enteroviruses associated with respiratory infections in Peru (2005-2010)

Virology Journal (2014)

Jose L. Huaman Gladys Carrión Julia S. Ampuero Jorge Gómez Víctor Ocaña

Enteroviruses (EVs) are a common cause of respiratory tract infections and are classified into seven species (EVA-D and rhinoviruses [RHVs] A-C) with more than 200 different serotypes. Little is known about the role of non-RHV EVs in respiratory infections in South America. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of non-RHV EVs detected in patients with influenza-like illness enrolled in a passive surveillance network in Peru. Throat swabs and epidemiological data were collected from participants after obtaining verbal consent. Viral isolation was performed in cell culture and identified by immunofluorescence assay. Serotype identification of EV isolates was performed using commercial monoclonal antibodies. Identification of non-serotypeable isolations was carried out by reverse transcriptase-PCR, followed by sequencing. Between 2005 and 2010, 24,239 samples were analyzed, and 9,973 (41.1%) possessed at least one respiratory virus. EVs were found in 175 samples (0.7%). Our results revealed a clear predominance of EVB species, 90.9% (159/175). No EVDs were isolated. The mean and median ages of EV-positive subjects were 9.1 and 4.0 years, respectively, much younger than the population sampled, 17.6 and 12.0 years. Sixteen serotypes were identified, four EVA, 11 EVB, and one EVC species. The most common serotypes were coxsackievirus B1, coxsackievirus B2, coxsackievirus B5, and coxsackievirus B3. This study provides data about the serotypes of EVs circulating in Peru and sets the need for further studies.

Rhinovirus

2019-20 coronavirus outbreak

10.1186/1743-422x-11-169

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Prevalences, Genotypes, and Risk Factors for HIV Transmission in South America

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (2005)

Silvia M. Montano José L. Sánchez V. Alberto Laguna-Torres Paloma Cuchí María Mercedes Ávila

HIV cross-sectional studies were conducted among high-risk populations in 9 countries of South America. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay screening and Western blot confirmatory testing were performed, and env heteroduplex mobility assay genotyping and DNA sequencing were performed on a subset of HIV-positive subjects. HIV prevalences were highest among men who have sex with men (MSM; 2.0%-27.8%) and were found to be associated with multiple partners, noninjection drug use (non-IDU), and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). By comparison, much lower prevalences were noted among female commercial sex workers (FCSWs; 0%-6.3%) and were associated mainly with a prior IDU and STI history. Env subtype B predominated among MSM throughout the region (more than 90% of strains), whereas env subtype F predominated among FCSWs in Argentina and male commercial sex workers in Uruguay (more than 50% of strains). A renewed effort in controlling STIs, especially among MSM groups, could significantly lessen the impact of the HIV epidemic in South America.

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Cross-sectional study

10.1097/01.qai.0000159667.72584.8b

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Citations (92)