Pectin polysaccharide has galacturonic acid with linear chains of α-(1–4)-linked D- galacturonic acid. Rhamnogalacturonan I pectins (RG-I) shows the existence of the repeating disaccharide 4-α-D-galacturonic acid-(1,2)-α-L- rhamnose, which acts as a backbone. Chiefly, D-galactose, L-arabinose, and D-xylose are the sugars types and its proportions of neutral sugars are varied according to the origin of pectin. Pectinase, pectinmethylesterase, and pectolyase enzymes have important applications in food, textile and agricultural industries. These enzymes play an important role in the breakdown of the central part of the plant cell wall. Pectin forms the center part of the plant cell wall. Pectins are termed as structural polysaccharide that has integrity for the steadiness of the plant cell wall. Citrate buffer of molarity 0.1 utilized to verify optimal pH along with temperature, for standardising enzyme activity of pectinase, pectolyase, and pectinmethylesterase by the dinitrosalicylic acid reagent method. Confirmatory check of enzyme’s activity was performed on plant leaves dried particles. Impact of catechin presence in enzyme reaction was too studied. Results delve into degradation of the plant polysaccharide by applying these enzymes. An increase in the monosaccharide galacturonic acid quantity was also significant. The highest release of the polyphenols was found due to pectolyase followed by pectinmethylesterase and pectinase. Pectinmethylesterase effect showed the maximum release of the flavonoids followed by pectinase and pectolyase which was remarkable.
Kidney ailments have increased several folds in the last two decades.Kidney stones are one of the most common urinary tract problems to be found.It has been associated with increased risk of renal failure if not treated in the early stages.Kidney stones are well known as renal calculus.They are mainly composed of minerals like calcium oxalate.An interaction with the local practitioners in Raigad district of Maharashtra, India revealed that several plant species are being used as lithotriptic agents.A simple technique has been designed to evaluate the lithotriptic activity of extracts of leaves of Bauhinia purpurea L., seeds of Celosia argentea L. and seeds of Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.)Verdc.Cystoliths and raphides which are aggregation of minerals are used as target minerals and their dissolution by the extracts of these plants are used as technique for evaluating the efficacy of these plants as lithotriptic agents.
The book discusses the medicinal properties of plants such as, Bacopa monnieri, Centella asiatica, Rubia cordifolia, Hemidesmus indicus and Phyllanthus amarus. These plants have several therapeutic uses and are indigenous to India. They have immense value since ancient times and are still used in Ayurvedic preparations and hence in demand in the herbal market. The book describes in-vitro cultures which were established using various explants. It further discusses various analytic techniques such as Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) & High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) which were exploited during the course of study of these plant extracts. Description of animal study techniques, acute toxicity on Swiss mice and efficacy studies of Phyllanthus amarus and Andrographis paniculata extracts on Albino Wistar rats with damaged liver as well as screening of hepatoprotective activity of pure phyllanthin are part of this book. The study also explains standardizing protocol using Carbon Tetrachloride as a chemical hepatotoxicant on Albino Wistar rats.
Large material productivity results in the addition of unwanted substances into the environment, which are potentially harmful to living things.The chemical industry's contribution to human welfare is evident in the wide range of chemicals used in drugs, cosmetics, plastics, synthetic fibres, paints, cleansing agents and many other kinds of consumer products.Major effluents such as antibiotics, radioactive substances, drugs, and heavy metals which are carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic, finish up in the environment.Heavy metals are accumulated with time in the soils and plants.These heavy metals could turn up with a negative impact on the physiological activities of the plants.Contaminants sourced from the air, soil, water etc. result in the accumulation of heavy metals in the environment.The effect of heavy metals on the environment is reviewed in this paper.
Although Aegle marmelos (L.) or Bael is indigenous to North India, it has been grown extensively across India. In recent times, the consumption of nutrient-rich foods with therapeutic properties is increasingly being emphasized in the long-term management of major lifestyle diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus results from disturbances in the homeostasis of carbohydrate metabolism due to inadequate insulin levels. Insulin deficiency causes various metabolic aberrations. Furthermore, high uric acid, urea, and creatine levels are observed in patients with diabetes. Moreover, increased oxidative stress causes additional complications observed in these patients. This chapter reviews the potential of A. marmelos, particularly the leaves and fruits, as functional foods for reducing blood sugar levels, which is an essential aspect of managing diabetes mellitus and associated complications. In the discussion, the phytochemical bioactive profiles of the A. marmelos leaves and fruits as well as their antidiabetic and antioxidant functions have been highlighted. The review confirms that the extracts of A. marmelos leaves and fruits can be consumed regularly as functional foods.
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