Abstract Myopia, currently at epidemic levels in East Asia, is a leading cause of untreatable visual impairment. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in adults have identified 39 loci associated with refractive error and myopia. Here, the age-of-onset of association between genetic variants at these 39 loci and refractive error was investigated in 5200 children assessed longitudinally across ages 7–15 years, along with gene-environment interactions involving the major environmental risk-factors, nearwork and time outdoors. Specific variants could be categorized as showing evidence of: (a) early-onset effects remaining stable through childhood, (b) early-onset effects that progressed further with increasing age, or (c) onset later in childhood (N = 10, 5 and 11 variants, respectively). A genetic risk score (GRS) for all 39 variants explained 0.6% (P = 6.6E–08) and 2.3% (P = 6.9E–21) of the variance in refractive error at ages 7 and 15, respectively, supporting increased effects from these genetic variants at older ages. Replication in multi-ancestry samples (combined N = 5599) yielded evidence of childhood onset for 6 of 12 variants present in both Asians and Europeans. There was no indication that variant or GRS effects altered depending on time outdoors, however 5 variants showed nominal evidence of interactions with nearwork (top variant, rs7829127 in ZMAT4 ; P = 6.3E–04).
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is a major risk factor for the development of glaucoma. Following recent reports of a strong association of coding variants in the lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) gene with this syndrome but low penetrance and variable disease frequency between different populations, we aimed to identify additional genetic factors contributing to the disease. The clusterin (CLU) gene has been proposed as a candidate because of the presence of clusterin protein in pseudoexfoliation deposits, its varied levels in aqueous humor of cases compared to controls, and the role of the protein as a molecular chaperone. We investigated the association of genetic variants across CLU in pseudoexfoliation syndrome and analyzed molecular characteristics of the encoded protein in ocular tissues.The expression of clusterin in relevant ocular tissues was assessed using western blotting. Nine tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across CLU were genotyped in 86 cases of pseudoexfoliation syndrome and 2422 controls from the Australian Blue Mountains Eye Study cohort. Each SNP and haplotype was assessed for association with the syndrome.Clusterin was identified in normal human iris, the ciliary body, lens capsule, optic nerve, and aqueous humor. Post-translational modification gives rise to a 100 kDa precursor protein in ocular tissues, larger than that reported in non-ocular tissues. One CLU SNP (rs3087554) was nominally associated with pseudoexfoliation syndrome at the genotypic level (p=0.044), although not when the age of controls was restricted to those over 73 years. Only age and the LOXL1 diplotype were significant factors in the logistic regression. One haplotype of all nine CLU SNPs was also associated (p=0.005), but the significance decreased slightly with the use of the age-restricted controls (p=0.011).Clusterin is present in ocular anterior segment tissues involved in pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Although one haplotype may contribute in a minor way to genetic risk of pseudoexfoliation syndrome, common variation in this gene is not a major contributor to the risk of pseudoexfoliation syndrome.
Circulating soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and other novel markers have been correlated with a variety of cardiovascular outcomes, including the likelihood of future clinical cardiovascular events (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). We assessed circulating markers to explore relationships between subclinical atherosclerosis, bone density and metabolism, and fat distribution and metabolism in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serum sICAM-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), sE-selectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and interleukin-6 were evaluated as markers of inflammation; adiponectin, leptin, and soluble leptin receptor as markers of adiposity; and collagen type I C-terminal propeptide, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and N-telopeptide cross-link of type I collagen as markers of bone metabolism in a random sample of 80 participants from 53 families in the Diabetes Heart Study. The Diabetes Heart Study is a study of the cardiovascular and skeletal systems in families with siblings concordant for type 2 diabetes mellitus (10)(11) as well as unaffected family members. This study population included 42 men and 38 women, ranging in age from 39 to 81 years. Sixty-nine participants (86%) had type 2 diabetes mellitus, and 19 (24%) were African American.
Serum was obtained from a morning fasted blood sample and stored at −70 °C before analysis. Commercially available assays from R&D Systems were used for measuring serum …
Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have succeeded in identifying over 200 susceptibility loci for multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the potential functional variants and the mechanisms by which these loci affect MS risk remain largely unexplained. Objectives: We used summary data-based Mendelian randomisation to prioritise risk genes and infer potential biological mechanisms for MS risk loci. Methods: The data used consisted of DNA methylation ( n = 1980) QTL (mQTL) and gene expression ( n = 31,684) QTL (eQTL) derived from whole blood as well as MS GWAS summary statistics (14,802 cases, 26,703 controls). The findings were further evaluated using data derived from independent brain mQTL ( n = 1160) and eQTL ( n = 1194). Results: In whole blood, we identified two independent genomic loci (lincRNA: RP11-326C3.13 and TNFSF14) with consistent genome-wide significant pleiotropic associations across different omics layers. In brain tissue, a similar effect for the RP11-326C3.13 locus was observed but not for TNFSF14, indicating a potential tissue-specific effect for the TNFSF14 locus. Conclusion: We provide in silico evidence for the putative biological mechanisms by which the identified DNA methylation sites and target genes are functionally relevant to MS development in different tissues. Future research targeting these genes and DNA methylation sites will determine their roles in the pathophysiology of MS.
Abstract Background A novel phenotype consisting of cataract, mental retardation, erythematous skin rash and facial dysmorphism was recently described in an extended pedigree of Australian Aboriginal descent. Large scale chromosomal re-arrangements had previously been ruled out. We have conducted a genome-wide scan to map the linkage region in this family. Methods Genome-wide linkage analysis using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers on the Affymetrix 10K SNP array was conducted and analysed using MERLIN. Three positional candidate genes ( ZBTB17, EPHA2 and EPHB2 ) were sequenced to screen for segregating mutations. Results Under a fully penetrant, dominant model, the locus for this unique phenotype was mapped to chromosome 1p35.3-p36.32 with a maximum LOD score of 2.41. The critical region spans 48.7 cM between markers rs966321 and rs1441834 and encompasses 527 transcripts from 364 annotated genes. No coding mutations were identified in three positional candidate genes EPHA2, EPHB2 or ZBTB17 . The region overlaps with a previously reported region for Volkmann cataract and the phenotype has similarity to that reported for 1p36 monosomy. Conclusions The gene for this syndrome is located in a 25.6 Mb region on 1p35.3-p36.32. The known cataract gene in this region ( EPHA2 ) does not harbour mutations in this family, suggesting that at least one additional gene for cataract is present in this region.
Abstract The structure of the cornea is vital to its transparency, and dystrophies that disrupt corneal organization are highly heritable. To understand the genetic aetiology of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), the most prevalent corneal disorder requiring transplantation, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 1,404 FECD cases and 2,564 controls of European ancestry, followed by replication and meta-analysis, for a total of 2,075 cases and 3,342 controls. We identify three novel loci meeting genome-wide significance ( P <5 × 10 −8 ): KANK4 rs79742895, LAMC1 rs3768617 and LINC00970/ATP1B1 rs1200114. We also observe an overwhelming effect of the established TCF4 locus. Interestingly, we detect differential sex-specific association at LAMC1 , with greater risk in women, and TCF4 , with greater risk in men. Combining GWAS results with biological evidence we expand the knowledge of common FECD loci from one to four, and provide a deeper understanding of the underlying pathogenic basis of FECD.
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