Abstract FOXP2 expression has been associated with the prognosis of some tumors, but the role of FOXP2 in glioblastoma has not been studied in-depth until now. The aim of the present work is to study the role of FOXP2 as a prognostic biomarker in glioblastoma.This is a retrospective observational case series study in which the expression of FOXP2 has been analyzed both at the protein level (immunohistochemistry) and at the mRNA level (RNAseq, in a cohort of glioblastoma patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas [TCGA] database). Other molecular and clinical data have also been included in the study, with special focus on miRNA expression data.Survival analysis using Log-Rank test and COX-regression have been used. Non-parametric statistical tests were also used to study differences between low and high FOXP2 expression groups.Patients with a high expression of FOXP2 protein showed a worse prognosis than those patients with low expression in both, progression free survival (PFS) (HR=1.711; p=0.034) and overall survival (OS) (HR=1.809;p=0.014). These associations were still statistically significant in multivariate analysis.No prognostic association was found with FOXP2 RNA expression. Interestingly, two miRNAs that target FOXP2 (hsa-miR-181a-2-3p and hsa-miR-20a-3p) showed an interaction effect on OS with FOXP2 expression. A low level of these miRNAs expression was associated with a significantly worse prognosis in patients with high FOXP2 RNA expression.Higher expression of FOXP2 at the protein level is associated with a worse prognosis. This protein expression may be regulated by the expression of specific miRNAs that target FOXP2 mRNA: hsa-miR-181a-2-3p and hsa-miR-20a-3p.
Abstract BACKGROUND Lung cancer (LC) is the second most frequent neoplasm worldwide and it is commonest origin of brain metastases (BM). The aim of this study is to identify clinical, histological and molecular variables associated with a higher risk of BM at diagnosis in LC patients. METHODS A retrospective single-centre case series analysis of patients with a new diagnosis of LC (from 2015 to 2018) was performed. A total of 723 newly diagnosed LC patients were identified and only those with a brain imaging study were included. Non-parametric statistical tests were used to compare patients with or without metastases at diagnosis. Uni- and multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with the presence of BM. Statistical significance was considered when p<0.05. RESULTS 185 patients with newly diagnosed LC and brain imaging at diagnosis were included (mean age 64.69 years [SD= 10.34]; 71.9% male). 40% of patients had BM at diagnosis. No significant differences in clinical, histological and molecular variables were identified. In any case, survival analysis showed that BM at diagnosis was associated with worse overall survival (Log-Rank test, p<0.01). Univariate analysis showed that presenting neurological symptoms (OR=19.5, p<0.0001 CI [7.895-47.65]), adenocarcinoma (OR= 2.113, p<0.014 CI [1.160-3.849]), small cell carcinoma (OR=0.372, p<0.008 CI [0. 179-0.773]) and visceral metastases (OR= 14.444, p<0.0001 CI [6.161-33.86]) or metastases limited to the thorax (OR= 0.019, p<0.001 CI [0.003-0.146]) were associated with BM at diagnosis. However, only neurological symptoms (OR= 20.290, p<0.0001 CI [4.953-83.118]), visceral metastases (OR= 4.451, p<0.010 CI [1.458-13.777]) and/or metastases limited to the thorax (OR= 0.066, p<0.024 CI [0.006-0.010]) reached statistical significance in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Neurological symptoms and the presence of visceral metastases are independent predictors of developing BM at diagnosis in LC patients. However, LC disease confined to the thorax is associated with a lower risk of developing BM.
A great deal of research has focused on demonstrating the existence of mirror neurons in humans and the factors that modulate their activity after their discovery in macaques approximately two decades ago.With this in mind, the parieto-frontal mirror neuron system (MNS) has been described as a brain network that is activated when either an action is executed or as it is observed. The clinical importance of these findings have been related with neurological and psychiatric disorders, but no one has focused until now on the possibilities that this network could provide to achieve better results in neurosurgical patients.One of the applications of the MNS with clinical significance is the observation based rehabilitation programs. These programs have demonstrated their usefulness in certain pathologic entities but as yet there are no reports regarding neurosurgical patients in the literature. The activation of brain areas during observation of motor actions which are also activated when those actions are executed define the physiopathological principle of this kind of therapy that has been shown to get better results than standard rehabilitation programs and that should also be tested on neurosurgical patients. If observation based rehabilitation is considered, the MNS should be as intact as possible. Indeed, the surgeon can try to respect mirror areas during surgery by mapping them pre-surgically. Furthermore, damage to the MNS is associated with some degree of cognitive impairment, so better functional results can be achieved by respecting these mirror areas.Therefore, the aim of the present work is to describe how the MNS can contribute to neurosurgery and to put forward the hypothesis that by considering and using MNS properties better functional outcomes can be achieved.
Las neuronas espejo constituyen uno de los descubrimientos mas significativos de los ultimos 30 anos en el campo de la neurociencia. Desde el momento en que fueron descritas, numerosos trabajos y publicaciones han visto la luz tratando de caracterizar estas neuronas y dotarlas de un sentido dentro del complejo funcionamiento del cerebro.
El termino espejo es empleado en honor a la principal caracteristica de este tipo especial de neurona: se activa durante la ejecucion de una accion motora y durante la observacion de la misma accion motora. Este hallazgo se realizo en primates y mas tarde, se han llegado a reunir suficientes evidencias sobre la existencia de este tipo de neuronas en el ser humano. Sin embargo, dado que en el humano existen serias limitaciones para registrar la actividad de un grupo reducido de neuronas, la mayoria de datos sobre las neuronas espejo en humanos provienen de estudios funcionales considerados como metodos de estudio indirectos. Por ese motivo, se prefiere hablar, en el ser humano, de sistema de neuronas espejo.
El sistema de neuronas espejo se extiende por regiones pertenecientes al lobulo frontal y el lobulo parietal. Concretamente, algunas regiones premotoras (circunvolucion frontal inferior) y parietales posteriores (lobulo parietal inferior) constituyen los principales nodos de este sistema neuronal. En estas localizaciones se integra informacion visual, somatosensorial y motora, permitiendo comprender el significado de las acciones que realizamos u observamos. Con ello, somos capaces de imitar otros movimientos, asi como predecir los movimientos que pueden ocurrir en el futuro en contextos concretos. Todas estas, entre otras, son funciones que se considera, actualmente, residen en el sistema de neuronas espejo.
La mayoria de los estudios que han permitido llegar a este grado de conocimiento del sistema de neuronas espejo, se basan en experimentos en los que los participantes deben observar movimientos complejos y con interacciones con elementos ajenos al cuerpo humano (es decir, objetos). En efecto, dado que la ejecucion de estas mismas acciones resultaria complicada para los metodos funcionales de estudio cerebral actuales, muchas de las conclusiones a las que se ha llegado sobre el sistema de neuronas espejo se han basado en experimentos sin condiciones de ejecucion, solamente de observacion. En este sentido, el uso experimental de acciones mas simples, en las que no existan interacciones con objetos (acciones intransitivas), podria permitir profundizar, de una manera definitiva, en el conocimiento sobre el funcionamiento del sistema de neuronas espejo. Por otro lado, todo este conocimiento podria tener una serie de implicaciones clinicas en el ambito del paciente con enfermedad neurologica o neuroquirurgica.
Por ello, el objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral es el de caracterizar, de una forma simple y reproducible, las caracteristicas del sistema de neuronas espejo en seres humanos para su posterior aplicacion clinica, basandonos en trabajos experimentales cuyo diseno incluye acciones motoras simples e intransitivas.
Cumpliendo con ese objetivo general y de acuerdo con el Reglamento de Ensenanzas Oficiales de la Universidad de La Laguna (articulo 29, BOC-A-2013-017-299), este trabajo consiste en un compendio de cinco estudios experimentales y un estudio de revision, habiendose publicado cinco de ellos en revistas indexadas en Journal Citation Reports (JCR); el otro estudio se encuentra en fase de revision por la editorial de revista igualmente indexada en JCR. A continuacion resumimos brevemente los principales hallazgos de los mencionados estudios.
Los dos primeros estudios tratan de identificar cambios en la actividad del sistema de neuronas espejo ante la observacion (primer estudio) y ejecucion (segundo estudio) de acciones motoras simples e intransitivas con diferente grado de familiaridad. De acuerdo como lo publicado hasta la fecha, la observacion de acciones con las que se esta mas familiarizado conduce a una mayor actividad del sistema de neuronas espejo. Sin embargo, la ejecucion de acciones con las que estamos mas familiarizados conduce a una menor actividad en dicho sistema neuronal.
El tercer estudio trata de identificar una modulacion del sistema de neuronas espejo en relacion al grado de habilidad que se tenga para un movimiento concreto. La existencia de una mayor habilidad para la realizacion de una accion motora simple, modula la actividad cerebral en regiones diferentes para la observacion y ejecucion, sin que la actividad de las regiones espejo parezca influenciada por el grado de habilidad motora.
El cuarto estudio investiga el efecto que tiene sobre el sistema de neuronas espejo la observacion del resultado de una prediccion motora. Cuando la prediccion que se habia realizado es la observada, se evidencio una mayor actividad cerebral en las regiones espejo que cuando la prediccion no coincidia con la accion observada.
Dado que el sistema de neuronas espejo y el tipo de metodologia empleada en los estudios descritos previamente podrian tener alteraciones y unas implicaciones clinicas, respectivamente, se realiza un quinto estudio de revision en el que se argumenta la posible aplicacion de sistemas de rehabilitacion basados en la estimulacion de regiones espejo, asi como la importancia de su identificacion y preservacion en algunas condiciones medico-quirurgicas.
Por ultimo, para completar la aportacion previa, se realizo un ultimo estudio basado en un caso de una paciente con una lesion cerebral ocupante de espacio en la que se comprueba la aplicabilidad de la metodologia empleada en los estudios basados en sujetos sanos.
En conclusion, el estudio del sistema de neuronas espejo mediante el uso de experimentos basados en movimiento simples e intransitivos, ha permitido: 1) identificar diferentes modulaciones por parte del grado de familiaridad motora y del grado de habilidad motora para las condiciones de ejecucion y observacion; 2) objetivar una mayor actividad del sistema de neuronas espejo cuando se observa una accion que satisface nuestras predicciones acerca de acciones futuras; 3) argumentar la utilidad y comprobar la aplicabilidad, en el ambito clinico, de este tipo de estudios.
Abstract The role of the Androgen Receptor (AR) expression and its activity in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains inconclusive. The aim of this study is to analyze the role of the AR expression and its activity as prognostic biomarkers in HCC. Three-hundred and thirty-seven patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) (107 females; 59.42 years [SD = 13.0]) were included. To infer AR activity, the expression-profile of previously validated androgen responsive genes (ARGs) was included. AR activity was shown by the AR-Score-21 (21 ARGs) and AR-Score-13 (13 ARGs) that were computed based on the expression of the selected ARGs. Those ARGs whose expression was significantly different between histological grades were used for computing two new AR-Scores. HCC patients with higher AR expression showed a higher median overall survival (OS). AR-Score 21 and AR-Score-13 did not show any association with prognosis. Six of the 21 ARGs of the AR-Score-21 and 7 of the 13 ARGs of the AR-Score-13 showed a significant different expression profile among histological grades. Based on these differences, another two AR-Scores were computed (AR-Score-6 and AR-Score-7). They showed the relative increase of upregulated to downregulated ARGs in high-grade HCC. Higher AR activity inferred by these AR-Scores was associated with worse outcomes. The expression of AR is associated with a better prognosis in HCC. However, the activity of the AR seems to be qualitatively different among histological grades. The AR activity inferred by the shifted ARGs is associated with a worse prognosis in HCC patients.
Abstract This work investigates the transfer of motor learning from the eye to the hand and its neural correlates by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a sensorimotor task consisting of the continuous tracking of a virtual target. In pretraining evaluation, all the participants (experimental and control group) performed the tracking task inside an MRI scanner using their right hand and a joystick. After which, the experimental group practiced an eye‐controlled version of the task for 5 days using an eye tracking system outside the MRI environment. Post‐training evaluation was done 1 week after the first scanning session, where all the participants were scanned again while repeating the manual pretraining task. Behavioral results show that the training in the eye‐controlled task produced a better performance not only in the eye‐controlled modality (motor learning) but also in the hand‐controlled modality (motor transfer). Neural results indicate that eye to hand motor transfer is supported by the motor cortex, the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, which is consistent with previous research focused on other effectors. These results may be of interest in neurorehabilitation to activate the motor systems and help in the recovery of motor functions in stroke or movement disorder patients.