The sebaceous glands are responsible for the secretion of sebum. Its function is to maintain a proper epidermal barrier and participate in metabolic processes within the epidermis. Excessive sebum secretion leads to the development of various seborrheic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the in vivo correlation between the amount of sebum and the directional reflectance of the skin. Measurements were performed using a Sebumeter (Courage + Khazaka, Germany) and a directional hemispherical reflectometer (Solar 410, SOC, USA). It has been shown that the amount of sebum does not affect the directional reflectance of the skin at a wavelength of 335–380 nm. With an increase in the amount of sebum, the directional reflectance of the skin decreases at wavelengths of 400–540 nm and 480–600 nm. However, with an increase in the amount of sebum, the directional reflectance of the skin increases at wavelengths of 590–720 nm, 700–1100 nm, 1000–1700 nm, and 1700–2500 nm. The closest relationship between amount of sebum and directional reflectance of the skin was observed at a wavelength of 700–1100 nm. Reflecting/scattering radiation from the skin surface, depending on the sebum content, may be clinically significant not only in the context of exposure to solar radiation but also in the context of numerous therapeutic methods based on artificial sources of radiation. In this area, it is desirable for the radiation to penetrate the skin as effectively as possible. The obtained preliminary results confirm that the used method is an interesting alternative to spectroscopic methods.
The study was designed to determine normative values of an electrogastrogram in healthy children.Surface electrogastrograms were taken in the interdigestive state and after meal stimulation in 292 non-obese children in whom Helicobacter pylori infection was excluded with the use of a 13C-urea breath test. The cohort comprised the following subgroups: age 6-9 years--114 children (57 girls and 57 boys), age 10-11 years--88 children (44 girls and 44 boys), age 12-15 years--90 children (45 girls and 45 boys). Yoghurt was chosen as a test meal: 150 g (142 kcal) was given to children aged < or = 11 years, whereas children older than 11 years received 300 g (284 kcal).Similarly to formerly published studies the parameters describing quantitatively the gastric myoelectrical activity exhibited considerable between-subject variability. A slight but statistically significant decrease in the dominant frequency was found with increasing age of the children. The subgroup of girls aged 12-15 years had statistically lower postprandial rise in the dominant power when compared to any of the other five subgroups.The results obtained imply a necessity of considering peculiarities related to age and gender when an electrogastrogram is performed in children. Taking into account the disclosed substantial between-subject variability of the electrogastrographic parameters in children caution is recommended while interpreting a result of an electrogastrographic examination.
Abstract Aim: To check on reproducibility of parameters of the cutaneous electrogastrogram registered at a close or a distant time span. Methods: Twenty‐two volunteers recruited by an advertisement (11 females and 11 males, median age 25 years, range: 18–35) underwent three surface electrogastrography examinations of which two were taken on consecutive days and the third one was accomplished at least 2 weeks before or after the two other sessions. The examination involved a 30‐min fasted recording, followed by a 90‐min postprandial registration after intake of a 394‐kcal mixed solid–liquid test meal. Results: Parameters of the electrogastrogram pertaining to the frequency of the gastric slow waves exhibited good to moderate reproducibility, whereas fair reproducibility characterized parameters expected to describe the power of gastric slow waves. With the exception of the difference fed minus fasted power (ΔDP), in no instance was the medium term reproducibility any worse than the short term one. Categorical data analysis revealed that the relative time share of normogastria postprandially exhibited a better reproducibility than in the fasted period. The Cohen's κ ‐value of 0.459 for the ΔDP for the medium term reproducibility placed this parameter within the range of moderate agreement between repeat examinations. Of the two two‐parameter combinations considered, the alliance of the fasted and fed normogastria performed worse than any of those parameters considered alone, whereas a combination of the ΔDP with the fed‐state normogastria revealed a κ ‐value amounting to 0.510 for the medium term reproducibility. Conclusions: The feasibility of some electrogastrographic parameters to convey clinically useful information may be hampered by their fair reproducibility. Recoding of parameters of the cutaneous electrogastrogram from primary continuous to secondary categorical may help achieve a better agreement between repeat examinations.
Abstract We checked on reproducibility of parameters of a multichannel electrogastrogram in adults after intake of typical, applied in electrogastrography, test meals. Recordings of multichannel electrogastrograms were accomplished in four blocks comprising 18 subjects (nine healthy volunteers and nine patients with functional GI disorders) each. Every subject had two examinations taken 1‐2 days apart, and a third one was accomplished at least 2 weeks before or after the two other sessions. The registration involved a 30‐min fasted and a 2‐h postprandial period after one of the meal stimuli tested within a given block: 400 mL water, 400 g yoghurt (378 kcal), a scrambled eggs sandwich (370 kcal), a pancake (355 kcal). From among the parameters reflecting the propagation of the gastric slow waves, the average percentage of slow wave coupling (APSWC) exhibited a good (coefficient of variation for paired examinations CV p ≤ 10%) to moderate (10< CV p ≤30%) reproducibility. On the other hand, the reproducibility of the maximum dominant frequency difference and the spatial dominant power difference was found to be unsatisfactory. The reproducibility of the multichannel electrogastrographic parameters did not differ between healthy volunteers and patients with functional GI disorders. Gender or the kind of a test meal did not affect the reproducibility of the electrogastrographic parameters either. The medium‐term reproducibility was not any worse than the short‐term one. From among the parameters of a multichannel electrogastrogram intended to quantify the propagation of slow waves, only the APSWC offers a reproducibility potentially good enough for clinical applications.
The [(13)C]methacetin breath test ([(13)C]MBT)--a valuable non-invasive tool dedicated to the assessment of the liver metabolic capacity--still needs standardisation. The aim of this study was to check whether currently used dosage regimens of [(13)C]methacetin provide concordant [(13)C]MBT results in subjects with an atypical body constitution. Healthy volunteers: low body mass<55 kg (eight women), and high body mass>95 kg (eight large body frame men) were recruited. They underwent [(13)C]MBT on separate days, taking in random order [(13)C]methacetin: a fixed 75 mg dose (FX75), or a 1 mg kg(-1) body mass-adjusted dose (BMAD). Samples of expiratory air for (13)CO(2) measurement were collected over 3 h. The maximum momentary (13)C elimination in breath air occurred earlier and was higher following BMAD than with FX75 in the low body mass females (T (max) 14.6 ± 1.0 min vs. 22.1 ± 2.4 min, p = 0.019; D (max) 41.9 ± 2.9 % dose h(-1) vs. 36.6 ± 3.6 % dose h(-1), p = 0.071). In the high body mass men, T (max) remained unchanged, whereas D (max) was slightly higher with BMAD compared to FX75 (21.5 ± 3.2 min vs. 23.0 ± 3.0 min; 38.5 ± 2.9 % dose h(-1) vs. 32.3 ± 2.5 % dose h(-1)). It is concluded that in subjects with a body constitution outside the general population average, the dosage of the substrate may affect some results of the [(13)C]MBT. The dosage-related differences appear, however, to be insignificant if the result of the [(13)C]MBT is reported as a cumulative (13)C recovery in breath air.
Background/Aims: Multichannel recording of the gastric myoelectrical activity (GMA) is a promising evolution of electrogastrography. In the study we searched for electrodes the most suitable to obtain high quality multi‐channel electrogastrograms. Methods: Twelve young volunteers (9 F, 3 M, aged 24.3 ± 0.6 years) underwent on separate days three four‐channel electrogastrographic recordings of the GMA: 30 min fasted and 90 min after a solid meal stimulation. The electrogastrograms were recorded in randomized order with 3M Red Dot class Ag/AgCl electrodes designed primarily for long‐term electrocardiographic monitoring: type2222 (conductive area, CA/total area, TA): 2.00/10.24 cm 2 , type2271 2.54/29.64 cm 2 , type2660 11.64/11.64 cm 2 (total surface conductive!) and subsequently analysed with Polygram Net™ EGG 311224 software (Medtronic, USA). Electrical resistance between active electrodes relative to the reference one was measured with a digital ohmmeter before and after the recording session. Results: Type2660 yielded consistently higher electrical resistance than the other electrode types, moreover in the case of type2271 and type2660 electrical conductivity significantly improved at the end of the recording relative to the basal measurement. Analysis of variance involving the relative time‐share of normogastria, meal‐induced change in dominant power, as well as a set of parameters unique for the multichannel electrogastrography and intended to characterize the so‐called spatial displacement of the gastric slow waves did not reveal any statistically significant effect of the electrode type on the parameters of the multichannel electrogastrogram. Although, when particular numerical data were inspected, type2271 was found to perform slightly worse than the other electrode types. Type2271 was also rated the less handy among the electrodes tested. Conclusion: Multichannel surface electrogastrography seems to be technically feasible with any type of high quality Ag/AgCl electrodes available on the market, whereas small dimensions enabling easy placement on the abdomen may be a feature favouring the choice of a particular electrode type for this examination.
AMA Waluga M, Jonderko K, Krusiec-Świdergoł B, Kamińska M, Kasicka-Jonderko A, Lesińska M. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastric emptying and symptoms in patients with dyspepsia. Gastroenterology Review/Przegląd Gastroenterologiczny. 2011;6(2):118-124. doi:10.5114/pg.2011.21722. APA Waluga, M., Jonderko, K., Krusiec-Świdergoł, B., Kamińska, M., Kasicka-Jonderko, A., & Lesińska, M. (2011). Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastric emptying and symptoms in patients with dyspepsia. Gastroenterology Review/Przegląd Gastroenterologiczny, 6(2), 118-124. https://doi.org/10.5114/pg.2011.21722 Chicago Waluga, Marek, Krzysztof Jonderko, Beata Krusiec-Świdergoł, Magdalena Kamińska, Anna Kasicka-Jonderko, and Magdalena Lesińska. 2011. "Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastric emptying and symptoms in patients with dyspepsia". Gastroenterology Review/Przegląd Gastroenterologiczny 6 (2): 118-124. doi:10.5114/pg.2011.21722. Harvard Waluga, M., Jonderko, K., Krusiec-Świdergoł, B., Kamińska, M., Kasicka-Jonderko, A., and Lesińska, M. (2011). Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastric emptying and symptoms in patients with dyspepsia. Gastroenterology Review/Przegląd Gastroenterologiczny, 6(2), pp.118-124. https://doi.org/10.5114/pg.2011.21722 MLA Waluga, Marek et al. "Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastric emptying and symptoms in patients with dyspepsia." Gastroenterology Review/Przegląd Gastroenterologiczny, vol. 6, no. 2, 2011, pp. 118-124. doi:10.5114/pg.2011.21722. Vancouver Waluga M, Jonderko K, Krusiec-Świdergoł B, Kamińska M, Kasicka-Jonderko A, Lesińska M. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastric emptying and symptoms in patients with dyspepsia. Gastroenterology Review/Przegląd Gastroenterologiczny. 2011;6(2):118-124. doi:10.5114/pg.2011.21722.
The goal of the study was to establish if the conductive area size of recording electrodes affects the quality of a multichannel electrogastrogram. In twelve volunteers (9F, 3M, median age 24 years, range 22-28) on three separate days fasted and postprandial four-channel electrogastrograms were registered in randomized order with Red Dot class Ag/AgCl electrodes of a type: `2222' (conductive area/total area: 2.00/10.24 cm2, `2271' 2.54/29.64 cm2, or `2660' 11.64/11.64 cm2 (total surface conductive!), and subsequently analyzed with a dedicated software. In the case of type 2271 and 2660 the between-electrode electrical conductivity improved at the end of the recording relative to the basal measurement, whereas type 2222 yielded a stable between-electrode electrical conductivity throughout the examination. Despite the differences in either the conductive area size or its construction, the analysis of variance on parameters describing quantitatively the multichannel electrogastrogram did not reveal a superiority of any from among the electrodes tested. Type 2271 was, however, rated the less handy among the three electrodes. Multichannel surface electrogastrography seems to be technically feasible with any type of high quality electrodes, therefore small dimensions and easy handling may favor the choice of a particular type for this examination.
