Background: An idiopathic full-thickness parafoveal hole (PFH) in the absence of trauma or intraocular surgery is a rare finding. Case: A 60-year-female who did not gain good vision following an uneventful phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in the right eye (RE) consulted a retina specialist, one year after her cataract surgery. There was no history of trauma, radiation exposure, reduced scotopic vision, or any other intraocular surgery. Her personal and family history were unremarkable for any systemic or ocular diseases. Routine blood investigations, an electrocardiogram, and a detailed ocular examination were done. Observation: She had the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of LogMAR 1.0 (20/200; 6/60) in the right eye. The right eye had an axial length (AL) of 23.50 mm and an intraocular lens power of 21.0 dioptres. The ultrawide field fundus examination saw parafoveal chorio-retinal atrophy without significant peripheral myopic degeneration. On optical coherence tomography (OCT), a central foveal thickness of 138 microns with foveal scarring was noticed. There was a full-thickness parafoveal hole between the fovea and optic disc having a height of 198 microns; base diameter of 240 microns; arm lengths of 203 microns and 206 microns; and a minimum linear dimension of 42 microns. The optical coherence tomography angiography scan showed a reduced vessel density in the superficial and deep retina; and increased visibility of choroidal vessels in outer retina chorio-capillaries, chorio-capillaries, and choroid slab at the parafoveal hole The ultrasound B scan was anechoic and there was no posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). Conclusion: The axial length, intraocular lens power and fundus examination did not indicate pathological myopia. As there was no preceding posterior vitreous detachment or retinal surgery, the underlying retinochoroidal atrophy most probably caused the full-thickness parafoveal hole.
Abstract The change in aerosol properties and ground-reaching solar irradiance in different spectral bands associated with an intense biomass-burning episode has been examined in the present study. Synchronous ground-based measurements on aerosol optical depth (AOD), erythemal ultraviolet radiation (UVery), solar irradiance and light detecting and ranging (LIDAR) observations of aerosol backscatter were carried out in the urban region of Hyderabad, India. Air-mass back-trajectory analysis has been carried out to infer long-range transport of pollutants over the urban environment of Hyderabad. Ground-measured AOD showed ∼50% increase on 3 March 2009 compared to 2 March 2009, along with ∼13% and ∼31% increases in Angström's parameter (α) and turbidity coefficient (β). UVery and global solar irradiance showed ∼24% and ∼10% reduction, respectively, on a turbid day (3 March 2009) compared to a normal day (2 March 2009). The Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) AOD550 also showed higher values associated with long-range transport of aerosols from biomass burning over the region. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the Director, NRSC, and DD (RS&GIS-AA), NRSC, for their encouragement and necessary support. The authors thank ISRO-GBP for financial support.
From January 1, 1995, to December 31, 1997, we reviewed records of all New York City patients who had multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB); we performed insertion sequence (IS) 6110-based DNA genotyping on the isolates.Secondary genotyping was performed for low IS6110 copy band strains.Patients with identical DNA pattern strains were considered clustered.From 1995 through 1997, MDRTB was diagnosed in 241 patients; 217 (90%) had no prior treatment history, and 166 (68.9%) were born in the United States or Puerto Rico.Compared with non-MDRTB patients, MDRTB patients were more likely to be born in the United States, have HIV infection, and work in health care.Genotyping results were available for 234 patients; 153 (65.4%) were clustered, 126 (82.3%) of them in eight clusters of >4 patients.Epidemiologic links were identified for 30 (12.8%) patients; most had been exposed to patients diagnosed before the study period.These strains were likely transmitted in the early 1990s when MDRTB outbreaks and tuberculosis transmission were widespread in New York.
Endometrial cancer develops during exposure to estrogen unopposed by progesterone. Traditional formulations for menopausal hormone therapy include a progestin in women with a uterus. However, progestin exposure increases breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Alternatives to progestin include bazedoxifene (BZA), a selective estrogen receptor modulator, which prevents estrogen induced endometrial hyperplasia in clinical trials. Molecular mechanisms responsible for BZA's antiproliferative effect are not fully elucidated. We profiled endometrial adenocarcinoma, hyperplasia, and normal proliferative endometrium for differential expression in genes known to be regulated by estrogens or progesterone. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)18, a paracrine growth factor promoting epithelial proliferation, was significantly increased in adenocarcinoma. Progesterone represses FGF18 by inducing heart and neural crest derivatives expressed transcript 2 (HAND2) in stromal cells. Notably, we confirmed lower HAND2 mRNA in adenocarcinoma, along with higher FGF tyrosine kinase receptor 2 and E74-like factor 5, collectively promoting FGF18 activity. We hypothesized BZA reduces epithelial proliferation by inhibiting FGF18 synthesis in stromal cells. To determine whether BZA regulates FGF18, we treated primary stromal cells with BZA or vehicle. In vitro, BZA reduced FGF18, but did not affect, HAND2. CD1 female mice received either BZA, conjugated estrogen (CE), or combined BZA/CE for 8 weeks. CE-treated mice had nearly 3-fold higher FGF18 expression. In contrast, BZA-treated mice, alone or with CE, had similar FGF18 as controls. Unexpectedly, BZA, alone or with CE, reduced HAND2 more than 80%, differing from progesterone regulation. Reduction of FGF18 is a potential mechanism by which BZA reduces endometrial proliferation and hyperplasia induced by estrogens. However, BZA works independently of HAND2, revealing a novel mechanism for progestin-free hormone therapy in postmenopausal women.
Type 2 diabetes is extremely common in South Asians, e.g. in men from Pakistani and Indian populations it is about three times as likely as in the general population in England, despite similarities in body mass index. Lifestyle interventions reduce the incidence of diabetes. Trials in Europe and North America have not, however, reported on the impact on South Asian populations separately or provided the details of their cross-cultural adaptation processes. Prevention of diabetes and obesity in South Asians (PODOSA) is a randomized, controlled trial in Scotland of an adapted, lifestyle intervention aimed at reducing weight and increasing physical activity to reduce type 2 diabetes in Indians and Pakistanis. The trial was adapted from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. We describe, reflect on and discuss the following key issues: The core adaptations to the trial design, particularly the delivery of the intervention in homes by dietitians rather than in clinics. The use of both a multilingual panel and professional translators to help translate and/or develop materials. The processes and challenges of phonetic translation. How intervention resources were adapted, modified, newly developed and translated into Urdu and Gurmukhi (written Punjabi).
Macrobrachium lamarrei (H. Milne-Edward) is commonly known as “kuncho river prawn,” occurring in freshwater ponds and rivers of Biratnagar, Nepal. They are nocturnal species feed voraciously on planktonic organisms, algae, muscles pieces of their own kind or fish etc. M. lamarrei is a medium-sized prawn ranging from 75-80 mm in length rostrum bears 7-9 teeth dorsally and 5-8 ventrally. The estimation of fecundity was done following egg counting method from March, 2004 to February, 2005. The mean fecundity ranged from 82-308 in the prawn having mean body length 57-74 mm and mean bodyweight 0.78-1.62 g. The correlation coefficient (r) of the relationship between body length and fecundity, and body weight and fecundity were 0.201 and 0508 respectively, indicating insignificant relationship. The mean fecundity was found to be 183.55 and mean relative fecundity ranged from 82-221.79. The mature eggs measured 0.54-0.64 mm on its long axis. The suitable temperature recorded during egg laying time was found to be 30±2oC, Do 10 mgl-1 and pH 7.75-8. Marked differences in the morphology and habit of larval stages of prawn ranging from length of body to number of rostral teeth were noted.Key words: Biratnagar, General biology, Macrobrachium lamarrei, Nepaldoi:10.3126/on.v3i1.332Our Nature (2005) 3: 31-41
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