Abstract Co-pyrolysis behavior of water hyacinth (WHC) and waste PS using thermogravimetric analysis to determine kinetic parameters was investigated. TG and DTG results indicated that the pyrolysis of WHC and mixture of WHC and waste PS could be divided into three stages. It was found that co-pyrolysis of WHC and waste PS delayed the pyrolysis process with a wider decomposition temperature range, when compared with the pyrolysis of PS. The results compared with the pyrolysis of individual components revealed a positive synergistic interaction between WHC and waste PS according to the difference in weight loss. Coats-Redfern method was applied in the second stage to evaluate the activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A) from the data of weight loss using three major reaction mechanisms. Two conversion temperature zones, zone I of 240-400 °C and zone II of 400-530 °C, were identified and a best-fit model describing the co-pyrolysis behavior of mixture was achieved. The addition of waste PS to WHC led to a slight decrease in the activation energy in the first zone and then the activation energy significantly reduced in the second zone. Chemical reaction and diffusion-controlled reaction mechanisms could be kinetically examined and enabled good explanation of the co-pyrolysis behavior of the mixture of WHC and waste PS as well as individual pyrolysis.
Surface treatment of water hyacinth fiber (WHF) was investigated as a mean of improving interfacial of WHF reinforced poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composites. Fiber was treated with sodium hydroxide 15% w/v at 85 °C for 3 h. The composite materials were processed using internal melt mixer and compression molding machine. The weight content of fibervaried from 5 to 25% w/w.The mechanical and thermal properties of pure PLA and composites were compared using universal testing machine, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetricanalysis (TGA).The best mechanical properties of composite were achieved at fiber mass content of 20% w/w in this study, which showed an increase oftensile modulus by 21.6% compared to those of pure PLA. The high tensile modulus but low elongation at break indicates that this material exhibits brittle behavior. The results of TGA andDSC experiments indicated that the addition of fiber enhanced the thermal stability of the composites and WHF can act as a nucleating agent for PLA crystallites. The morphology, evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), indicated that a uniform dispersion of fiber in the PLA matrix existed. Alkali treatment of fiber increased the interfacial bonding strength and the wettability of the fiber by PLA leading to the enhancement in mechanical properties of the composites.
Heterogeneous catalysis of transesterification using potassium hydroxide supported on coconut shell activated carbon (KOH/AC) catalyst was used to produce biodiesel from waste frying oil (WFO) and methanol.The effects of reaction temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst bed height, reaction time, and reusability of catalyst on the conversion to fatty acid methyl ester in a packed bed reactor were studied.The results showed that increasing reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst bed height, and reaction time can enhance the conversion of WFO.The optimum conditions were a reaction temperature of 60 °C, methanol/oil molar ratio 25:1, catalyst bed height 250 mm, and reaction time 2 h which yielded 86.3% of the conversion.KOH/AC could be used repeatedly for 4 times without activity loss and no activation treatment was required.The fuel properties of biodiesel were determined.
Abstract Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) reinforced with silane-treated banana fiber (BFSi) at various fiber contents was studied. Banana fiber surfaces were firstly treated by sodium hydroxide and subsequently by 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane. The biocomposites were then prepared by melt blending method in a twin-screw extruder. The effect of BFSi fiber contents on the mechanical and thermal properties of the biocomposites were investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to reveal the cryo-fractured surfaces of the composites. Mechanical properties, thermal characteristics and thermal stability were carried out by universal testing machine, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), respectively. Interfacial adhesion between PLA matrix and BFSi fibers was significantly improved even fiber content up to 40% by weight. There were few fiber pull-outs or voids appeared. With increasing fiber contents, tensile modulus and strength increased while elongation at break decreased. Moreover, glass transition temperature (T g ) and cold crystallization temperature (T cc ) decreased, whereas, crystallinity (X c ) significantly increased, however, melting temperature (T m ) was almost intact when fiber contents increased. The composites with higher amount of fibers exhibited faster thermal decomposition and higher residue contents at 550°C.
Nitrogen-doped activated carbon (N-AC) was prepared from water hyacinth stems for loading polyaniline (PANI) by in-situ polymerization to synthesize N-AC/PANI composites for utilization as electrode materials in supercapacitors. Using potassium hydroxide as the activating agent, stems of water hyacinth were carbonized and activated in a single step to produce N-AC powders. Raman, FTIR, SEM, BET, TGA, and XPS techniques were used to characterize the resultant N-AC materials. The findings revealed that the N-AC materials had a porous structure and high specific surface area. Neat PANI was synthesized by varying the reaction time to 8, 16, and 24 h. During the reaction time of 16 h, the maximum specific capacitance was obtained. For the synthesis of N-AC/PANI composites, in-situ polymerization of aniline was performed for 16 h. Tests of cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/ discharge were conducted on the electrode materials to assess their electrochemical performance for supercapacitors. Because of the synergistic effect of PANI and N-AC, the produced N-AC/PANI composite showed good supercapacitor performance compared with neat PANI and N-AC. In the case of the N-AC/PANI composite, the specific capacitance was determined by the electrochemical double-layer capacitance (EDLC) of N-AC and the pseudocapacitance resulting from the redox reaction of PANI.
The potential of rice straw, agricultural waste, to remove copper (II) from aqueous solution was evaluated in a batch process.Experiments were carried out as function of contact time, initial concentration, pH and temperature.Adsorption isotherms were modeled with the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms.The data fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm.The equilibrium biosorption isotherms showed that biosorbent possess high affinity and sorption capacity for Cu(II) ions, with sorption capacities of 74.70 mg Cu 2+ per 1 g biomass.Thermodynamic parameters such as free energy change (ΔG°), enthalpy change (ΔH°) and entropy change (ΔS°) have been calculated on the basis of Langmuir constants.The results indicated that the rice straw could be an alternative for more costly adsorbents used for heavy metal removal.