The aim of prosthetic therapy is to create an illusion of natural health, to establish the physiology and esthetics of the masticatory system and psychological calamity and security of the patient. These goals should always be in focus. Each dentist that uses implant treatment must pose a question whether implant placement is the best treatment choice, or could the situation be resolved with conventional means. Dental implants and implant-borne prosthetics are today accepted as long-term predictable prosthetic-restaurative solution with advantages and disadvantages on scientific and professional levels. Implant-borne prosthetics represent a challenge since a clinician has a possibility to decide on the size and shape of the occlusal surface (scheme) ; to decide on the number, position, size and orientation of the implants ; to modify the quantity and architecture of the bone. Two main etiological reasons that lead to implant failure are bacterial infection and local biomechanical factors that are correlated to implant overload. The role of the occlusion is, therefore, of great importance for different types of prosthetic constructions, especially since it is often disregarded in the clinical work. Natural teeth have periodontal proprioceptors that protect the teeth and their periodontia from the overload that causes trauma of the supporting bone. Although there are many factors included in neuromuscular activities in the natural dentition, there are no specific defense mechanisms to occlusal forces in implant-supported occlusion. Therefore, a poor occlusal scheme on dental implants can lead to failures, but when known prosthetic postulates are used, implants serve with high success rates. The aim of this presentation was to review the occlusal concepts (bilateral, unilateral, canine guidance and “ implant occlusion” ) that can be used in different prosthetic reconstructions on implants (from single tooth replacement to complete oral rehabilitation). The accent was on biomechanical postulates of the occlusion that are complementing the systematic, individualized treatment plan and precise surgical procedures.
The concept of human dental occlusion represents much more than the mere physical contact of the biting surfaces of opposing teeth. It is not a static, unchanging, structural relationship, but rather a dynamic, real, physiological relationship between different tissue systems. It is best defined as the functional relationship between the components of the masticatory system, which includes the teeth, the periodontium, the neuromuscular system, the temporomandibular joints and the craniofacial skeleton. Biologically, occlusion represents a coordinated functional interaction between different cell populations of the masticatory tissue systems that differentiate, model, remodel, destroy and regenerate. When the functional balance of the masticatory system is disturbed or when occlusion is restored by various types of prosthetic restorations, specific goals of occlusal treatment become important, especially today with the rapid insertion of dental implants. The aim of this chapter is to highlight the characteristics of dental occlusion in relation to the characteristics and requirements of ‘prosthetic occlusion’ for different types of prosthetic restorations supported by natural teeth, gingiva, alveolar ridges and dental implants. A particular focus in writing the chapter is the analysis of the scientific literature on the interrelationship between the so-called occlusion concepts and the biomechanical aspects of different types of implant prosthetic restorations.
Koncept imedijatne implanto-protetske rehabilitacije bezube celjusti fiksnim mostom na cetri implantata (All on 4) osmislio je Paulo Malό. Bazira se na ugradnji anguliranih distalnih implantata dužine 15 mm u premolarnoj regiji i dva implantata u interkaninom sektoru koji su imedijatno optereceni fiksnom konstrukcijom. Ovim postupkom osigurava se stabilnost fiksnog nadomjestka bez kirurskih zahvata koji prethode konvencionalnoj implanto-protetskoj terapiji bezube celjusti, kao sto su augmentacija grebena ili podizanje dna maksilarnog sinusa. Mnogi implantoloski sustavi prilagodili su ovaj koncept dizajnu svojih implantata tako da ga susrecemo skoro kod svih implantoloskih sustava. Koncept je zbog jednostavnosti primjene i niže cijene kostanja nasao siroku primjenu u modernoj implantologiji, to je i uzrok sve vece incidencije ranih i kasnih komplikacija koje iziskuju dodatno kirursko ili konzervativno lijecenje. U ovom slucaju pokazati cemo mogucnost uspjesnog lijecenja periimplantitisa anguliranog implantata u regiji 15, distalnom nosa- cu fiksnog mosta na cetiri implantata. Pacijentici staroj 69 god. bez ozbiljnijih sistemskih bolesti, pusac sa pocetnim KOPB-om i progresivnom parodontopatijom u gornjoj celjusti koja je godinama lijecena flap kiretažama, GBR i GTR tehnikama ekstrahirani su preostali zubi i napravljena GTP. Nezadovoljna mobilnim nadomjestkom želi fiksni most. Klinicki i rtg nalaz (CBCT) pokažu reducirani alveolarni grebe s opsežnom pneumatizacijom oba alveolarna recesusa maksilarnog sinusa. Godine 2011. ugrađena su cetiri implantata po sistemu 4 on ICX (angulirani u reg. 15, 25 ᴓ 3, 5/15 i ravni u reg. 13, 23 ᴓ 3, 5/10) na koje je imedijatno postavljen privremeni akrilatni most ojacan metalom. Tri mjeseca nakon ugradnje dijagnosticiran je periimplantitis na anguliranom implantatu reg. 15. Ucini se eksplantacija implantata, odstrani se svo patoloski promjenjeno tkivo te antimikrobna fotodinamska terapija alveole niskoenergetskim laserom (Laser HF, Hager Werken, GmbH). U istom posjetu ucini se augmentacija kostanog defekta ksenogenim kostanim nadomjestkom (Cerabon 05-1mm, Botis dental GmbH, Germany) i ugradnja sireg ICX implantata ᴓ 4, 5/15. Postojeci most imedijatno se fiksira na preostala tri implantata, a ugrađeni implantat prepusti cijeljenju s odgođenim opterecenjem tijekom 8 mjeseci. Nakon razdoblja cijeljenja ucini se kontrolni CBCT koji pokaže urednu oseointegraciju implantata te se privremeni most zamijeni trajnim titan-zirkon mostom. Pracenje tijekom 4 godine pokaže odlicnu oseointegraciju svih implantata, a pacijentica je jako zadovoljna postojecim rjesenjem u estetskom i funkcijskom smislu.
The purpose of the study was to determine whether the hinge axis registration and the transfer modality (facebow transfer vs. average mounting) from the subject to the articulator affect the three-dimensional condylar shift between the centric relation (CR) and the maximum intercuspation (MI) position.The study was comprised of 32 fully dentate subjects (16 male and 16 female). Only the asymptomatic participants with normal occlusal relations (Angle class I) aged 20 - 33 (mean age 22.6 ± 4.7) met the inclusion criteria. Three-dimensional condylar shift (anteroposterior, superoinferior and mediolateral shift) between the centric relation position (CR) and the maximum intercuspation (MI) position was analyzed by means of Mandibular Position Indicator (SAM Prazisionstechnik GmbH, Muenchen, Germany).The average three-dimensional condylar shift was 0.13 ± 0.12 mm for facebow transfer and 0.22 ± 0.23 mm for average mounting. There were no statistically significant differences noted between genders. The results of the Mann-Whitney test showed statistically significant differences for anteroposterior and superoinferior condylar shift (P < 0.001). However, the difference in the mediolateral shift was not statistically significant.In order to find discrepancies within the three-dimensional condylar shift, facebow transfer proved to be more accurate than the average mounting in the semi-adjustable articulator. However, the average value of three-dimensional shifts of the condyle did not differ from normal values and they did not have clinical significance. Thus, both ways of transfer modalities (facebow transfer and average mounting) in asymptomatic subjects with normal occlusion can be considered reliable.
Programming of joint mechanism/parameters (sagittal condylar inclination and Bennett angle) of adjustable dental articulators is a prerequisite for performing positions and movements of the mandible. The aim of the study was to test significant differences between the two methods (wax eccentric records and Arcus Digma device) of measuring these joint parameters by using three different dental articulators (SAM 3, Protar 7; and Artex CR). Thirty asymptomatic younger (age 25.7 ± 2.9 years) subjects (dental medicine students) divided by gender, with normal occlusion (Angle class I) participated in the study. After taking anatomical impressions of both dental arches, master casts were made of hard dental plaster for each subject. The values of the left and right sagittal condylar inclination and Bennett angle by the two methods of wax eccentric protrusive and lateral records and Arcus Digma device were measured for the purpose of programming the mentioned joint parameters in three different articulator systems. The average values of the measured parameters of sagittal condylar inclination and Bennett angle of wax eccentric records were higher (ranging from 5ºto 10º) in relation to the values measured by Arcus Digma device. Statistically significant differences found between the measured joint parameters (p <0.025) were influenced by the articulator system design and measurement methods (t-test for dependent samples and MANOVA). The use of Arcus Digma device should be considered reliable and valid for individualized programming of dental articulators, rather than the use of wax eccentric records.