Phytase enzyme was purified from the Pinar melkior (Lactarius piperatus) mushroom using ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE-sephadex ion exchange chromatography techniques. First, the purified phytase enzyme was covalently bound to the surface of magnetite-CTS NPs in yield of 87%. Then, optimum pHs of the free and immobilized enzymes were determined as 5.0 and 4.0, respectively. Optimum temperature of free and immobilized enzymes was found as 60°C. Also, the effects of some metal ions on activity of free and immobilized phytase enzymes were investigated. Also, research was undertaken as to whether the purified free and immobilized phytase enzyme could hydrolyze the phytic acid in many cereal products or not. And, it was discovered that the immobilized phytase enzyme hydrolyzed the phytic acid at the highest rate (75.02% rate) in wheat. From the findings obtained, that immobilized enzyme was quite resistant to temperature, pH and metal ions.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that formed in living cells and all of the reactions in organisms occur in very mild conditions and that regulate them. However, free enzymes usually have poor stability towards pH, heat or other factors and are difficult to recover and reuse. Therefore, immobilization techniques have been developed to make the most of the purified enzymes, that have been utilized to prepare durable, resuable, high-performance and economically-applicable biocatalysts [1]. The immobilized enzymes can be used repeatedly and continuously, which are catalyzed a number of very complex chemical transformations between biological macromolecules [2]. Pomegranate is a plant with high antioxidant capacity because it contains high levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. We investigated whether or not the immobilized on TiO2- and γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticules via the phenolic and flavonoid compounds of pomegranate. For this purpose, superparamagnetic nanocomposite, TiO2- and γ-Fe2O3- phenolic/ flavonoid was prepared by using phenolic/flavonoid groups of pomegranate. Based on the spectrophotometric measurement it has been shown that immobilization takes place. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Figure 1) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) were used to characterize the TiO2 and γ-Fe2O3-phenolic/flavonoid-pomegranate nanocomposite, and confirming that pomegranate was immobilized onto the TiO2 and γ-Fe2O3 by phenolic/ flavonoid of pomegranate [3,4]. This study can provide a big boost for prospective studies in the medical practice of diseases.
In this study, the synthesis of ceria (CeO2) nanoparticles (NPs) was examined by the biosynthesis method. Then, enzyme-like features of synthesized nanoceria were examined. Peroxidase enzyme from fig (Ficus carica) was used as a synthesis and stabilizer reagent. Furthermore, it was investigated whether the obtained nanoceria has superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) activities. UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy was employed for monitoring of creation of ceria nanoparticles. The characteristics of the obtained ceria nanoparticles were studied with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Also, cerium oxide NPs showed enzyme-like activities, and its activities were determined with specific enzyme activity measuring methods. Surface morphology and size of the synthesized ceria were investigated by chromatographic techniques. The diameter of the biosynthesized ceria nanoparticles was determined to be 14 nm using XRD chromatogram. Advantages of unique properties of nanoceria have been promising for being enzyme-like reagent in nano-biotechnological investigations. This research explored and discussed if ceria nanomaterial s different kinds of enzymes. We examined their kinetics, mechanisms and applications, including in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) activities. The results showed that the ceria oxide nanoparticles exhibited catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities.
In this study, phytase enzyme was purified and characterized from Oakbug Milkcap mushrooms (Lactarius quietus) and the purified phytase enzyme was immobilized on the surface of modified chitosan with nano-Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The phytase was purified from Oakbug Milkcap mushrooms using ammonium sulphate precipitation in the range of 40-80%. and DEAE-sephadex ion-exchange chromatography. The purification fold was calculated by determining the activity and amount of protein for each step. The purified phytase enzyme was then immobilized on modified chitosan support material with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The optimum pHs for the immobilized and free enzyme were 6.0 and the optimum temperatures were 60°C. The effects of some metal ions such as CuCl2, Hg2Cl2, FeCl2, MgCl2, ZnCl2, CaCl2 were investigated on both the bound and free purified phytase. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined using the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis method. Finally, we investigated whether or not the immobilized and free enzyme could hydrolyzed the phytic acid in green lentils, red lentils, peas, pinto beans, beans, brass, corn, dried corn, oat, rye, wheat, broad bean, chickpeas and peanuts. It was concluded that the immobilized phytase was quite resistant to temperature, pH and metal ions and it could be safely used in the hydrolysis of phytic acid in the legumes in the food industry.
Enzyme catalyzed various biochemical reactions under relatively mild conditions in living cells. Enzymes are generally not stable under pH, heat or other factors and are difficult to recover and reuse. Therefore, immobilization techniques have been developed to make the most of the purified enzymes, that have been utilized to prepare durable, resuable, high-performance and economically-applicable biocatalysts [1]. The immobilized enzymes can be used repeatedly and continuously and they are catalyzed a number of very complex chemical transformations [2]. In this study, we determinated whether or not the immobilized the carrot onto TiO2- and γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticules. Carrot contains high levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Superparamagnetic nanocomposite, TiO2- and γ-Fe2O3 phenolic/flavonoid-carrot was prepared by using phenolic or flavonoid groups of carrot. Fruits and vegetables cell protective effect against oxidation of the oxidative deterioration of foods and preventing or retarding compounds are rich in antioxidants. These natural substances are picking up free radicals that shows antioxidant properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Figure 1) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) were used to characterize the TiO2 and γ-Fe2O3-phenolic/flavonoid-carrot nanocomposite, and confirming that carrot was immobilized onto the TiO2 and γ-Fe2O3 by phenolic/ flavonoid of carrot [3,4]. This study can provide a big boost for prospective studies in the medical practice of diseases.
In this study, Enterococcus faecalis proteolytic strains which have the potential to degradation of bovine milk proteins were isolated from Turkish White Pickled Cheeses and milk samples. E. faecalis strains were found to have strong caseinolytic activity. The extracellular protease enzymes produced by E. faecalis strains from 60 different samples were analyzed in the pattern of bands on a stained SDS-PAGE gel. The highest proteolytic activity of E. faecalis isolates were determined at pH 7.0 and 40 ℃ for 24 h. In addition, antimicrobial resistance and the presence of selected virulence genes of isolates were investigated for microbiological safety. These findings further emphasize that the E. faecalis isolates can be effective in the degradation of bovine milk proteins.
In this study, loaded Luffa sponge membrane forms were modified with ZnO, Fe3O4, ZnO/Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) to remove of Direct Blue 15 (DB15), which is a carcinogenic azo dye in aqueous solution. ZnO and Fe3O4 NPs were synthesized using purified peroxidase enzymes from Euphorbia amygdaloides using green synthesis method. Adsorption of DB15 azo dyes was separately studied with membrane forms (LS-pure, LS-ZnO, LS-Fe3O4, and LS-ZnO/Fe3O4). Optimum contact time, optimum pH, optimum temperature, optimum dye concentration, and optimum LS amount were found as 45 min, pH 8.0, 20°C, 200 mg/L, and 0.025 g in line with the optimization studies, respectively. The obtained membrane forms were characterized using SEM, FT-IR, and XRD techniques. According to obtained results, NPs loaded LS membrane forms are promising in removal of DB15 from textile wastewater contaminated water.
In this study, the authors presented synthesis of ceria nanoparticles (NPs) by the bio-reduction method and their antioxidative activity. Aqueous extract of Euphorbia (Euphorbia amygdaloides) was used as reducing and stabilising agents. They used aqueous extract of Euphorbia (E. amygdaloides) as reducing and stabilising agent. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy was used to monitor the quantitative formation of ceria NPs. They also addressed the characteristics of the obtained ceria NPs using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmitting electron microscope (TEM). The synthesised cerium (III) oxide (Ce2O3) NPs were initially noted through visual colour change from colourless pale yellow cerium (III) to light yellow cerium (IV) and further confirmed the band at 345 nm employing UV-vis spectroscopy. The average diameter of the prepared NPs was about 8.6-10.5 nm. In addition, the synthesised Ce2O3 NPs were tested for antioxidant and anti-bacterial activities using ferric reducing antioxidant power, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, ferrous ions chelating activity, superoxide the anion radical scavenging and 2, 2'-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazol to-6-sulphonic acid scavenging activity. It could be concluded that Euphorbia (E. amygdaloides) extract can be used efficiently in the production of potential antioxidant and anti-bacterial Ce2O3 NPs for commercial applications.
