Importance Parenteral enoxaparin is a preferred anticoagulant used in the acute phase for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The safety and efficacy of short-term low-dose rivaroxaban in this clinical setting remain unknown. Objective To compare the safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban vs enoxaparin in the acute phase of ACS. Design, Setting, and Participants This multicenter, prospective, open-label, active-controlled, equivalence and noninferiority trial was conducted from January 2017 through May 2021 with a 6-month follow-up at 21 hospitals in China. Participants included patients with ACS missing the primary reperfusion window or before selective revascularization. Data were analyzed from November 2021 to November 2022. Interventions Participants were randomized 1:1:1 to oral rivaroxaban 2.5 mg or 5 mg or 1 mg/kg subcutaneous enoxaparin twice daily in addition to dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT; aspirin 100 mg and clopidogrel 75 mg once daily) for a mean of 3.7 days. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary safety end point was bleeding events, as defined by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, and the primary efficacy end point was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), including cardiac death, myocardial infarction, rerevascularization, or stroke during the 6-month follow-up. Results Of 2055 enrolled patients, 2046 (99.6%) completed the trial (mean [SD] age 65.8 [8.2] years, 1443 [70.5%] male) and were randomized to enoxaparin (680 patients), rivaroxaban 2.5 mg (683 patients), or rivaroxaban 5 mg (683 patients). Bleeding rates were 46 patients (6.8%) in the enoxaparin group, 32 patients (4.7%) in the rivaroxaban 2.5 mg group, and 36 patients (5.3%)in the rivaroxaban 5 mg group (rivaroxaban 2.5 mg vs enoxaparin: noninferiority hazard ratio [HR], 0.68; 95% CI, 0.43 to 1.07; P = .005; rivaroxaban 5 mg vs enoxaparin: noninferiority HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.70 to 1.09; P = .001). The incidence of MACEs was similar among groups, and noninferiority was reached in the rivaroxaban 5 mg group (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.31 to 1.16, P = .02) but not in the rivaroxaban 2.5 mg group (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.36 to 1.30; P = .05) compared with the enoxaparin group. Conclusions and Relevance In this equivalence and noninferiority trial, oral rivaroxaban 5 mg showed noninferiority to subcutaneous enoxaparin (1 mg/kg) for patients with ACS treated with DAPT during the acute phase. Results of this feasibility study provide useful information for designing future randomized clinical trials with sufficient sample sizes. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03363035
The lignocellulose biorefinery based on the sugar platform usually focuses on polysaccharide bioconversion, while lignin is only burned for energy recovery. Pyrolysis can provide a novel route for the efficient utilization of residual lignin obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose. The pyrolysis characteristics of residual lignin are usually significantly affected by the pretreatment process because of structural alteration of lignin during pretreatment. In recent years, biological pretreatment using white-rot fungi has attracted extensive attention, but there are only few reports on thermal conversion of lignin derived from enzymatic hydrolysis residue (EHRL) of the bio-pretreated lignocellulose. Therefore, the study investigated the pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of EHRL obtained from bamboo pretreated with Echinodontium taxodii in order to evaluate the potential of thermal conversion processes of EHRL.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra showed that EHRL of bamboo treated with E. taxodii had the typical lignin structure, but aromatic skeletal carbon and side chain of lignin were partially altered by the fungus. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that EHRL pyrolysis at different heating rates could be divided into two depolymerization stages and covered a wide temperature range from 500 to 900 K. The thermal decomposition reaction can be well described by two third-order reactions. The kinetics study indicated that the EHRL of bamboo treated with white-rot fungus had lower apparent activation energies, lower peak temperatures of pyrolysis reaction, and higher char residue than the EHRL of raw bamboo. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was applied to characterize the fast pyrolysis products of EHRL at 600 ℃. The ratios of guaiacyl-type to syringyl-type derivatives yield (G/S) and guaiacyl-type to p-hydroxy-phenylpropane-type derivatives yield (G/H) for the treated sample were increased by 33.18 and 25.30 % in comparison with the raw bamboo, respectively.The structural alterations of lignin during pretreatment can decrease the thermal stability of EHRL from the bio-treated bamboo and concentrate the guaiacyl-type derivatives in the fast pyrolysis products. Thus, the pyrolysis can be a promising route for effective utilization of the enzymatic hydrolysis residue from bio-pretreated lignocellulose.
Biofouling poses considerable technical challenges to agricultural irrigation systems. Controlling biofouling with strong chemical biocides is not only expensive and sometimes ineffective, but also contributes to environmental pollution. This study investigated the application of nanobubbles (NBs) on minimizing biofouling in agricultural irrigation water pipelines. Treatment performances were assessed using low concentration bubbles (LCB) and high concentration bubbles (HCB) together with a negative control (CK: no-NBs). 16 s rRNA gene sequencing and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the microbial community and mineral compositions of biofilms in water emitters. Results demonstrated that NBs effectively mitigated biofouling through reducing fixed-biomass by 31.3−52.1%. A significantly different microbial composition was found in the biofilm community with reduced biodiversity. Molecular ecological network analysis revealed that NBs were detrimental to the mutualistic interactions among microbial species – destabilizing the network complexity and size, which was expressed as decreasing in extracellular polymers and biofilm biomass. Furthermore, NBs significantly decreased the deposition of carbonate, silicate, phosphate, and quartz on the pipe surfaces, leading to reductions of total content of minerals in biofilms. Therefore, this study demonstrated that NBs treatment could be an effective, and eco-friendly solution for biofouling control in agricultural water distribution systems.
【Objective】 The researth studied the effects of different fertilizers and water managements on water distribution in soil and water use efficiency of tomato to provide reference service for reasonable water and fertilizer utilization in vegetable cultivation in sunlight greenhouse.【Method】 A field experiment was carried out in soil cultivated sunlight greenhouse in Yangling district,Shaanxi Province to study the effects of different fertilizers and water managements on water distribution in soil and water use efficiency of tomato.【Result】 The water utilization efficiency of the treatment with addition of 450 kg N/hm2,225 kg P2O5/hm2,and 225 kg K2O/hm2 was as high as 50.3 kg/m3,when water saving irrigation method was adopted.When the amount of irrigation water was similar,there was not significant difference between the water utilization efficiency of conventional fertilization and formula fertilization.When the amount of fertilizing was similar,water saving irrigation improved the water utilization efficiency significantly compared with conventional irrigation.When the amount of fertilizing was 450 kg N/hm2,315 kg P2O5/hm2,and 450 kg K2O/hm2,water in soil at tomato harvest was lowest,which was less 0.88×103 m3/hm2 than corresponding period amounts of conventional irrigation and conventional fertilizion,and 0.52×103 m3/hm2 less than amounts of planting.The trend of tensiometers readings changes in different days was identical to the change of soil moisture,and could indicate the water level in the soil.【Conclusion】 Water-saving irrigation and formula fertilization in this study did not increase tomato yield,but significantly increased water use efficiency of tomato.
The research for studying the Xinjiang arid region on photosynthesis characters of Xinhai 14Long-fibre Cotton under conditions of five artificial irrigation droughts. The result showed under the different conditions of irrigation , when W was 7 650 m3/hm2 , the curve of diurnal variation of leaf photosynthesis showed single peak, with the irrigation quantity dropping .The curve of diurnal variation of leaf photosyn thesis showed two single peak. The light compensation point of photosynthesis of Xinhai 14 Long-fibre Cot-ton leaves were 50 μmol(m2·s);when W were 2 850 m3/hm2,the light saturation point of photosynthesis of Xinhai 14 Long-fibre Cotton leaves were 310 μmol(/m2·s), when the W was 5 475 m3/hm2 and over the light saturation point were 1 280 μmol(m2·s).The leaf net photosynthesis(Pn) rate and transpiration rate increased with the raise of irrigation quantity,the stoma resistance drooped with the raise of irrigation quantity. The water use effciency (WUE) raised with the dropping of irrigation quantity. The yield of cotton wasthe most sensitive to irrigation quantity.Positive correlation appeared between the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate .There was a significant negative correlation between Pn and the stoma resistance.The optimum irrigation quantity of Pn was 6 945 m3/hm2,at which the plant needs irrigation quantity,was 5 250 m3/hm2.
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