In this study, fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) were exposed to an estimated daily human E171 consumption concentration for 20 generations. Exposure to E171 resulted in: a change in normal developmental and reproductive dynamics, reduced fecundity after repetitive breeding, increased genotoxicity, the appearance of aberrant phenotypes and morphologic changes to the adult fat body. Marks of adaptive evolution and directional selection were also exhibited. The larval stages were at a higher risk of sustaining damage from E171 as they had a slower elimination rate of TiO2 compared to the adults. This is particularly worrisome, since among the human population, children tend to consume higher daily concentrations of E171 than do adults. The genotoxic effect of E171 was statistically higher in each subsequent generation compared to the previous one. Aberrant phenotypes were likely caused by developmental defects induced by E171, and were not mutations, since the phenotypic features were not transferred to any progeny even after 5 generations of consecutive crossbreeding. Therefore, exposure to E171 during the early developmental period carries a higher risk of toxicity. The fact that the daily human consumption concentration of E171 interferes with and influences fruit fly physiological, ontogenetic, genotoxic, and adaptive processes certainly raises safety concerns.
In this paper, the chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium was studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of ethnopharmacological uses of this plant species in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases and wounds, and as an insect repellent. The aerial part of the plant was hydrodistilled, and the chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Forty-seven compounds, corresponding to 94.65 % of the total oil, were identified, with the main constituents being sabinene (24.49 %), sabinyl acetate (13.64 %), and α-phellandrene (10.29 %). The oil yield was 0.23 % (v/w). The antimicrobial activity of the oil was investigated against ten bacterial isolates (from patients wounds and stools) and seven American Type Culture Collection strains using a microwell dilution assay. The minimal inhibitory/bactericidal concentration of the oil ranged from < 0.08 to 2.43 mg/mL and from 0.08 to 38.80 mg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical-scavenging methods and assessed as significant. Skin irritation potential and acute toxicity of the oil were also investigated. Results of the skin irritant reaction showed that none of the 30 volunteers developed a positive skin irritant reaction to undiluted A. absinthium essential oil. Acute oral exposure to the essential oil did not cause mortality in the treated mice, but it did cause neurological, muscle, and gastrointestinal problems. A subchronic toxicity test on Drosophila melanogaster showed that the essential oil of A. absinthium is toxic for developing insect larvae. Starting with the concentration of 0.38 % of essential oil in medium, significant mortality of larvae exposed to the oil was noted when compared to the control. Probit analysis revealed that the LC50 value of A. absinthium essential oil for D. melanogaster larvae after 15 days of exposure was 6.31 % (49 mg/mL). The essential oil also affected the development of D. melanogaster larvae and significantly delayed achievement of the pupa stadium.
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is commonly used as a solvent for organic compounds but its toxic properties can affect both in vitro and in vivo studies. Thus, evaluation of DMSO toxicity must be performed on the model organism before its application as a solvent in the target studies. Present study aimed to determine the lethal concentration required to kill 50% of the population in a given period of time (LC 50 ), no observed effect concentration (NOEC), and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) values for DMSO on Drosophila melanogaster which is frequently used as a model for toxicity studies . Twelve different concentrations of DMSO were tested on three-day old D. melanogaster larvae for 12 days. At the end of the life cycle, number of live hatched adults and un-hatched pupae were counted. Based on probit analysis 12 days LOEC was 0.04% v/v, 12 days NOEC was ˂ 0.04% v/v and 12 days LC 50 was 0.42% v/v. The results indicate that DMSO may be more toxic to D. melanogaster than it was initially considered.
Živkovic, D., Jovanovic, B.: Spatial morphometric plasticity of spirlin Alburnoides bipunctatus (Bloch,1782) phenotype from the Nisava River, Serbia, Danube basin. Biologica Nyssana, 2 (1), September 2011:67-77. Variation of 22 morphometric and 4 meristic characters of the species Alburnoides bipuuctatus from NisavaRiver were analyzed. Specimens were collected from four sampling stations along the putative mesohabitatgradient of river influence and were grouped into the categories with similar total length. Morphometric charactersvaried immensely between different mesohabitats outlining morphometric plasticity. Among severalmorphometry features that were influenced by different mesohabitats the most observable differences werenoted for: postocular distance, anal fin height, minimal body height and preanal length. Regarding themeristic features, number of soft rays in the anal fin did varied significantly among sampling stations while fourthhard ray in the anal fin for this species was reported for the first time ever. Pharyngeal teeth formula of spirlin alsoshowed variability across different mesohabitats. In conclusion, it appears that spirlin express a bigmorphological plasticity in relation to spatial and mesohabitat distribution and there is a possibility that spirlin fromNisava River is a complex of neospecies in formation/morphotypes/ecotypes rather than a single population. Key words : Alburnoides bipunctatus , Cyprinidae, mesohabitat, phenotype plasti
A detailed understanding of microplastics (MPs) behaviour in freshwater ecosystems is crucial for a proper ecological assessment. This includes the identification of significant transport pathways and net accumulation zones, considering their inherent, and already proven influence on aquatic ecosystems. Bioavailability of toxic agents is significantly influenced by macroinvertebrates’ behaviour, such as bioturbation and burrowing, and their prior exposure history. This study aims to investigate the effect of bioturbation activity of Chironomus riparius Meigen, 1804 on the vertical transfer of polyethylene MPs ex-situ in an experimental setup exposing larvae to a scenario of 10x the environmentally relevant high concentration of MPs (80g/m2). Bioturbation activity was estimated using sediment profile imaging with luminophore tracers. This study demonstrated that spherical MPs are vertically transferred in the sediment due to the bioturbation activity of C. riparius larvae and that their presence influences the intensity of the bioturbation activity over time. The present findings provide a noteworthy contribution to the understanding of the relationship between ecosystem engineers and the dispersion and accumulation of MPs within freshwater ecosystems.