An efficient and green synthesis of novel 2-pyrrolidinone analogs by the reaction of various primary amines, alkyl acetoacetates, and maleic anhydride via grinding and neat conditions at room temperature has been described with good to high yields (68–94%). Various spectroscopic methods have characterized all the synthesized products (1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, FT-IR, and CHN analysis). This protocol has several benefits: mild reaction condition, catalyst-free, economy, environmental-friendly, short reaction times (≤ 25 min), good to high yields, and simple workup.
This work describes a novel and simple procedure for successfully synthesizing formamidines by using Fe 3 O 4 @C‐dots in the role of an effective and reusable catalyst throughout a solvent‐free set‐up. The formamidine derivatives were easily prepared through aromatic amines with triethyl orthoformate in the company of Fe 3 O 4 @C‐dots. According to the experimental outcomes, the obtained formamidines in the presence of Fe 3 O 4 @C‐dots exhibited good to high yield values. In the following, we distinguished the prepared catalyst by applying field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques. Furthermore, the evaluation of catalytic activity was done in the course of synthesizing formamidine derivatives. Among the advantages of this method, one can highlight the facts of solvent‐free conditions, the simplicity of operation, high yields, nonacidic catalyst, and the reusability of nanocatalyst for at least five cycles.
The Fe3O4@C-dots produced from Elaeagnus Angustifolia, has been applied as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The prepared Fe3O4@C-dots exhibited a noticeably higher adsorption capacity for MB, reported to be 124.39 mg/g when compared to the results of many other documented references. Furthermore, after evaluating the effects of various parameters on the adsorption capacity of Fe3O4@C-dots, it was discovered that the adsorption capacity increased with the contact time, pH, and MB initial concentration, respectively. Furthermore, the impacts of pH on adsorption were strongly amplified through pHzpc. According to the results, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and chemical binding comprise the adsorption mechanism between the MB molecules and adsorbent. The MB adsorption was identified through the kinetic studies to be dominated through the model of pseudo-second-order kinetic. Also, the isotherm analysis showed that the adsorption process is consistent with the Langmuir equations. As the Fe3O4@C-dots were subjected to recycling, no significant changes were observed throughout the adsorption capacity after five regeneration cycles. Considering how the outcomes indicated the capability of magnetic nanoparticles in performing an effective MB removal, we can recommend the high potential of this adsorbent for the clearance of cationic dyes from wastewater.
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