Sleep and its quality play an important role in memory, cognition, and quality of life. Sleep deprivation-induced changes in hippocampal neurons and behavior have been studied widely, in contrast, the extent of damage to oligodendrocytes have not been fully understood. The present study aims to investigate chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) and sleep recovery-induced changes in oligodendrocytes of the hippocampus, cognition, and behavior of rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48) were grouped as control, sham control (SC), CSD, and CSD+sleep recovery (CSD+SR) (n = 12/group). CSD and CSD+SR group rats were sleep deprived for 21-days. After CSD, the CSD+SR group rats sleep recovered for 21-days. Oxidative markers, CNPase+ve oligodendrocytes, CNPase intensity, and CNPase gene expression were measured in the hippocampus, and the anxiety-like behavior, spatial learning, and memory were assessed. The 21-days of CSD significantly (p < 0.001) increased oxidative stress and significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the number of CNPase+ve oligodendrocytes, CNPase intensity, and CNPase gene expression when compared to controls. The increased oxidative stress was correlated with reduced CNPase+ve oligodendrocytes, CNPase intensity, and CNPase gene expression (r = -0.9). In-line with cellular changes, an increased (p < 0.01) anxiety-like behavior and impaired spatial memory were observed in the CSD group compared to controls. The 21-days of sleep recovery significantly (p < 0.01) reduced oxidative stress and anxiety-like behavior, improved spatial memory, increased CNPase intensity and CNPase gene expression, and non-significant (p > 0.05) increase in CNPase+ve oligodendrocytes compared to CSD. Overall, the 21-days of CSD reduced the number of CNPase+ve oligodendrocytes in the hippocampus, increased anxiety, and impaired spatial memory in rats. Though the 21-day sleep recovery showed an improvement in all parameters, it was not sufficient to completely reverse the CSD-induced changes to the control level.
A 75 year male patient presented with severe low back ache and unable to walk since two months. He had swellings in both the groin region and left scrotum for the last eight months, with history of loss of weight. He had undergone right sided herniorraphy for obstructed inguinal hernia one and half years back and was treated conservatively for blunt trauma to the left scrotum six months back. On examination the patient was pale. His blood pressure was 180/100 mm of Hg. He had bilateral enlarged inguinal nodes two on the right side and three on the left, each measuring 3x2 cm, hard, non tender. Skin over the swellings was free. Right inguino scrotal scar measuring 10x 2 cm, healed by primary intention was also seen. (Fig.1) Left testis was enlarged measuring 8 x3 cm, firm, and non-tender. There was no mass in the abdomen/organomegaly/ascites. He had grade-two prostatomegaly. Spine tenderness was elicited over the lumbosacral region. Straight leg raising test was positive. A 3x2 cm cutaneous non tender swelling was noted on the right forearm. (Fig.1 inset). Examination of the other systems was unremarkable. We made a diagnosis of left testicular tumor with bilateral inguinal lymph node metastases with secondaries in the lumbar spine and lipoma over the right. All the relevant laboratory investigations were within normal limits except for lactate de-hydrogenase which was markedly elevated (2165.00u/l).
The aim of blood bank is safe transfusion of the blood from donor to recipient without harming both. Landsteiner discovered ABO blood group system in 1901 and Rh system in 1940. After this, blood transfusion became much safer. Determining blood grouping and cross-matching is an essential prerequisite for blood transfusion. Nearly 400 red cell antigens have so far been discovered. Among the available blood group systems, ABO blood group system was first to be identified and Rh blood group system was the fourth one. Both are important for safe blood transfusion. If proper blood grouping or testing practices are not followed, it can lead to people with Bombay blood group not being detected. This group would be categorized as the O group because it would not show any reaction to anti-A and anti-B antibodies, similar to the O group. When a cross matching with O group is done, then it would show cross-reactivity or incompatibility. Therefore reverse grouping or serum grouping has to be performed to detect this group. We present one such rare case which was diagnosed in our hospital. Key Words:Bombay phenotype, Oh blood group, rare blood type, blood antigens
Epithelioid granulomas in association with malignant solid tumours and lymphomas are well documented in surgical pathology literature. The presence of granulomas does not pose a diagnostic dilemma when the malignant features are overt. But in rare instances the epithelioid granuloma response may be so florid as to obscure the underlying diagnosis resulting in misdiagnosis. We report 2 cases of Hodgkin\'s disease mimicking granulomatous lymphadenitis on cytology. We report these cases to draw attention to diagnostic problems caused by granulomas in FNAcytology. Key words: Hodgkin\'s disease, Granulomatous lymphadenitis, FNAC
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