The peculiarities of ecology of certain types of pests breeding in field crops are highlighted. The indicators of the influence of a complex of factors on development and mass reproduction of insects under modern agricultural systems are generalized. The species composition of insect phytophages in new crops is specified. More than 20 species of pests were identified that severely damaged this crop according to the results of the monitoring of the wheat entomocomplex. The analysis of influence of temperature, air and soil on the trophic links of phytophages and development and survival of their stages was conducted. A close connection between the level of productivity and the stages of organogenesis of plants with separate stages of development of the main species of phytophages was established. The analysis of efficiency of application of modern monitoring of a complex of pests at new systems of protection of winter wheat has been carried out. Cereal flies, aphids and other pests are found are found on wheat. The basic ecological and biological peculiarities of the formation of the entomocomplex of winter wheat are determined. The peculiarity of monitoring and control of harmful insect species on winter wheat crops in the forest-steppe of Ukraine is highlighted. The analysis of the modeling efficiency of the number of harmful and useful insect for resource-saving systems of winter wheat protection is carried out. The peculiarities of biology and ecology of pests of stem and of the root system of winter wheat in the region of research are specified. The peculiarities of the formation of entomocomplexes in agrocenoses vary according to certain parameters, in particular the number of soil and interstitial phytophages, taking into account the radius of their daily displacement. It is relevant to determine the total demand of pests in feeding at the actual population of individuals at different stages of ontogenesis of grain crops for effective crop management. The application of resource saving models of the calculation of phytophage dynamics on cereal crops by hydrothermal coefficient at different periods of development of plants and phytophages in the production, which allows to determine the quantitative changes of a separate entomocomplex in grain crops in time and space. The development and introduction of integrated methods for the control of winter wheat pests according to modern agricultural systems in the forest-steppe of Ukraine, which determines the expected loss of grain in the crop fields becomes important.
СТАН ТА СУЧАСНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ ТА ПОШИРЕННЯ ВІРУСНИХ ХВОРОБ ПОЛЬОВИХ КУЛЬТУР ПЕРЕНОСНИКАМИ ЦЕНОЗІВ Сахненко Д.В.-к.с.-г.н., с.н.с.кафедри інтегрованого захисту та карантину рослин, Національний університет біоресурсів і природокористування України Доля М.М.-д.с.-г.н., професор, завідувач кафедри інтегрованого захисту та карантину рослин, Національний університет біоресурсів і природокористування України Мамчур Д
The article presents research on the features of reproduction of dominant pests of species of organisms in agrobiocenoses growing cereals, leguminous crops, sunflowers and flowers. The article describes the latest ways to control a complex of soil harmful insect species in short-rotation field crop, as well as aerogenic harmful organisms in the integrated use of plant protection products of nutrition systems. In addition, we have identified individual levels of biologically oriented mechanisms of self-regulation of harmful organisms with measures to stabilize the functioning of agrocenoses, which are supplied with natural adaptive reactions in trophic chains.
In the region of observations, the complex of pests is controlled by spiders, nematodes, mites, pathogens, predators and parasites. A variety of causative agents of bacterial, fungal, viral and protozoal diseases of phytophagous insects deserve special attention.
Parasites and predators appear everywhere with trophic chains in 16 rows of the insect class. In recent years, predatory species of ground beetles from a number of Hymenoptera insects that feed on aphids on corn crops with unreasonable intensive use of nitrogen fertilizers have acquired significant importance.
The use of compositions of insecticide + UAN, 32 % for seed treatment of grain crops, allows to save mineral nutrition and get an increase in grain yield up to 27 %. This helps to optimize the state of cenoses and obtain high-quality grain while reducing the cost. Measures have been developed to realize the productivity potential of field crops and flowers through low-cost plant protection measures and to determine the mechanisms for controlling the number of phytophages and the development of dominant types of diseases according to the characteristics of their biology and ecology
The article discusses the construction of the main problem of phytosanitary diagnostics of an ecotone - its complex ecological structure, primarily a mosaic, which determines a high level of biodiversity as a consequence of the effect of ecotones, as well as the effects on phytophagous complexes on winter wheat. An ecotone is the highly dynamic boundary between two disparate ecosystems:vegetation types and biomes. Ecotones can be very narrow and sharply defined, suchas a terrestrial-aquatic boundary, or they can represent a broad transition betweendiffering biomes, such as a gradual conversion between grassland and forest. Often, the flora and fauna found on either side of an ecotone will not be similar to one another,and species favoring one side of the ecotone will not fare as well on the other. Because of the variability in vegetation cover and abiotic factors characterizedby ecotones, biodiversity across an ecotone tends to be higher than in relativelyhomogeneous habitats on either side of the ecotone. Ecotones can be formed bynatural processes, such as floods, fires, and volcanic activity, but increasingly, humanland use activities have created ecotones. Examples of anthropogenic ecotones areagricultural-pastoral boundaries, urban-rural spaces, and parks or protected landadjacent to lands used to meet human resource needs. One concern that land managers express over ecotones is that they favor the successof invasive species. Human land uses such as road building or agricultural activitiescreate ecotones with wholly different competition and predation regimes. Areas ofundisturbed natural habitat are typically more resistant to invasive species, but patcheswhere parts of previous ecosystems have been removed prove particularly prone tocolonization by invasives, such as fire ants, tumbleweed, or buffelgrass. Ecotones usually prefer certain types of vegetation and fauna over others. Species requiring a high degree of stability and continuity of the habitat will not succeed in ornear ecotone; species adapted to breaches or boundaries can better utilize the sources found in these niches. Abiotic factors, such as erosion, sedimentation, snow accumulation, nutrient availability, salinity and temperature, are affected by certain cations and tend to differ from one side of the border to the other. Ecotones can also form microclimates that, in addition to others, belong to other species. For example, а а fields of winter wheat surrounded by a forest will be characterized by higher extreme temperatures and faster temperature changes than the surrounding forest. In addition, direct light reaching the ground will lead to accelerated evaporation and, possibly, dry meadow soils faster than in the forest. The features of an ecotone, in particular the presence of environmental friendliness between populations, its parameters — location, density, and other indicators. Keywords: ecotone, biodiversity, landscape, entomophagous, ecotone mosaic, agrocenoses, winter wheat
The analysis of modeling the number of harmful and useful insect species in new winter wheat protection systems was carried out. The peculiarity of monitoring and control of pests of harmful insect species on winter wheat crops in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine is highlighted.The experiments were carried out according according to standard methods (Levin NA, 1969; Polyakov I. Ya., 1975; Grigorenko VP, 1981 armor BA, 1985; Omelyuta VP, 1986; Shapiro ID , 1986; Fedorenko VP 1997; Triebel SA, et al., 2001; Andreychuk VG, 2002 monitoring pests of agricultural crops: textbook / [Dovgan SV, Fate MM, Moroz M with Borzykh AI, Yuschenko LP] - M.: Agroosvit, 2014. - 279 pp.). The use of resource-saving models for calculating the dynamics of phytophagous by the hydrothermal coefficient in crops of grain crops for different developmental periods makes it possible to determine the quantitative changes in a separate entomocomplex of cereal crops in time and space. It is important to develop and introduce integrated measures for the control of pests of winter wheat in modern farming systems, which makes it possible to determine the expected losses in the fields of crop rotation of winter wheat from pests in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Modern methods of protecting crops in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine provide the use of integrated protection, from seed preparation to seeding and the initial phases of plant development: increasing the resistance of plants to phytophagous plants with the use of insecticides with simultaneous processing of its useful trace elements. An important role in the optimization of the model for the localization of technological operations in the cultivation and protection of crops and vegetables from pests belongs to the use of relatively resistant varieties that control multi-species of specialized phytophagous species in modern crop rotations
DripFert water-soluble fertilizer was applied in the phase of bud pushing (18-18-18 +МЕ), pink budding (18-18-18+ МЕ and 13-40-13+МЕ) and fruit growth (18-18-18+ МЕ, 13-40-13+МЕ і 5-15-40+МЕ).The liquid consumption was at a rate of 1000 l/ ha.Foliar fertilizing of pear trees of Osnovianska variety with DripFert complex fertilizer 18-18-18+МЕ (three time fertilizing during the growing season) provided a yield increase of 39.2 % and 13.6 % compared to the yield in absolute and production control variants.Variants with fertilizers provided an increase in the pear yield of the highest and first commercial grade (at 84.3-84.7 %).
The article highlights the abundance and population of winter-winged wheat crops, their reproduction, development and survival, using modern monitoring technologies for these pests in the forest-steppe of Ukraine. The biology and ecology features of the bread-beetle-goose (Anisoplia austriaca H.) and the ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrioides G.) on winter wheat crop rotation in the research regions have been clarified. It has been established that the populations of the main species of hard-winged pests that form in autumn and summer pass through cyclic fluctuations in numbers. A feature of monitoring bread beetles and ground beetles is the assessment of the intensity of their migration in the areas of observation when applying special protective measures. The importance of taking into account the peculiarities of both the development and propagation of larvae and adults of bread beetles and larvae of ground beetle, in particular when modeling the degree of their settlement of winter wheat, helps optimize the use of special preparations for seed treatment with insecticides. It is characteristic that a sharp fluctuation in the weather turned out to be optimal for the development and spread of these pests of generative organs of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the forest-steppe of Ukraine.
Actuality. The study of qualitative indices and mechanisms of the formation of the entomocomplex of various taxonomic groups, as well as the development of protective measures against a pest complex, is the most relevant topic of research in the sector of the rural economy and needs further development. In particular, the limiting indicators of harmfulness of the main phytophagous species with an assessment of the compensatory reaction of cereals at different stages of plant organogenesis. The main reason for this is the imperfection of technologies and their adaptation to changes in the geoclimatic factors affecting the development of grain crops, and the survival of the main pests of winter wheat. The goal of the investigation is to substantiate the complex system of application of complex thresholds of harmfulness of soil phytophages and determination of the features of protection of crops against pests in modern technologies of growing grain crops of Ukraine. The materials and methods of investigation. Common methods of research in entomology, bioecology and plant protection, laboratory, vegetative, analytical and statistical methods for assessing the complex of connections of features of biology, ecology and distribution of major harmful insects of winter wheat in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The results and discussion. The peculiarities of reproduction of the main pests on crops of cereal crops are highlighted and complex thresholds of harmfulness of soil phytophages are established. The analysis of the harmfulness of the modern plant of winter wheat, maize, rye, triticale in the forest-steppe of Ukraine was carried out. According to the indicators of seasonal and long-term dynamics of pest numbers, grain yield losses are determined. It is reasonable to understand the distribution of entomological objects in agrocenoses, which often has a contagious form, is reflected in the indicator of maximum damage, for example, for soil phytophages, taking into account the radius of their daily movement. For current conditions of crop management, it is actual to determine the total need for pests in the diet by the actual population of the species at different stages of ontogenesis of cereals, in a specific area, in a certain period of agrocenosis formation, taking into account the proportion of plant pest nutrition that varies with time. For different stages of pests, there are certain maximum values of daily movement, and consequently, crop losses are manifested mainly on the area of maximum harmfulness, determined by the formula given above. In the current conditions of agricultural development, highly effective use of advanced technologies and progressive systems for protecting crops from a complex of harmful organisms is of particular importance, and the formation and development of plants and the harvest of grain of wheat, rye, maize, triticale are adversely affected. Application in the production of models for calculating complex thresholds of harmfulness of phytophages on crops of cereal crops, based on theoretical data on the dynamics of the number of insect larvae with different developmental periods, reliably allows quantitative changes in the entomocomplex in time and space. At the same time, the development and introduction of the harmfulness of soil phytophages into the production of micro and macropores is of particular importance, and it will be possible to determine the expected losses of cereals from pests in the forest-steppe of Ukraine. Conclusion. In modern systems of protecting crops from a complex of harmful insect species, it is advisable to take into account the mechanisms of self-regulation and the factors that influence the indices of spatial migrations of phytophages, as well as the patterns of local manifestations of their harmfulness at different stages of plant organogenesis. For all forms of farms with the observance of new field crop rotations and optimization of phytosanitary condition, it is necessary to introduce a remote structural and technological scheme of a combined automatic system for estimating seasonal and long-term fluctuations in the number of pests by energy trophic chains.
