Background Atherosclerosis is a complex progressive pathological process that produces lesions in the inner wall of an artery because of the abnormal lipid metabolism, and dysregulation of inflammatory processes. Increased levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Total Cholesterol (TC) lead to hyperlipidaemia which is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. Materials and Methods This research comprises the assessment of hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial part of Euphorbia lactea on high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in rats. The hydroalcoholic extract with doses (200 and 400 mg/kg body mass, p.o.) was assessed for hypolipidaemic activity. The blood samples were collected in heparinized tubes at the end of the experiment, and then centrifuged and collected the supernatant to determine Triglyceride (TG), High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), LDL, TC, and Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL). The atherosclerotic markers including Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) section of heart aorta were examined by histopathology. Results The results exhibited significantly reduced TG, LDL, TC, and VLDL levels. However, the HDL level was significantly increased as compared with induced rats. This current research demonstrated the anti-atherogenic potential of hydroalcoholic extract of the aerial part of E. lactea. Conclusion Overall, the results revealed that plant extract at different doses lowered LDL and TC levels significantly. Hence it could be used to benefit from atherosclerosis and its associated risk factors inclusive of heart attack, and stroke. Furthermore, it might be used as a traditional medicine against CVD and beneficial in the treatment of hyperlipidemia-induced atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus.
Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the utmost age-linked neuro-degenerative conditions, marked via gradual deterioration of cognitive abilities and continues to be a significant worldwide health issue. Etiology of AD is linked to neurobehavioral variations, deposition of Aβ, p-Tau, activations of GSK-3β, and fluctuations in cyclic nucleotides including cAMP & cGMP. As per evidence, PDE-5 inhibitors are able to boost cAMP & cGMP levels and other etiological hallmarks, which could be a novel AD cure. The main objective of present study was to examine therapeutic potential of Avanafil in a rat model of AD induced by administering 60mg/kg of D-galactose (D-galac) and 10mg/kg of Aluminium chloride (AlCl3) for a period of 42 days. Following this, 28 days of therapy with two different doses of Avanafil (3mg/kg and 6mg/kg) was given. Towards end of treatment, locomotor activity & Morris water maze were performed. Rats were then euthanized and hippocampus was isolated for biochemical parameters & histological investigation. Results revealed that both neurobehavioral parameters exhibits significant difference in treatment group as compared to toxic group. Alterations in level of AchE, Aβ (1–42), GSK-3β, p-Tau, TNF-α, IL-1β, & IL-6, cAMP, cGMP & BDNF, and oxidative stress were significantly reversed towards normal level in the treatment group when compared to toxic rats. Histopathological changes by H&E staining showed significant difference in treatment vs. toxic rats. The current investigation suggested that Avanafil improves memory by improving cAMP and cGMP pathways, implying that it may have therapeutic prospective in cognitive deficiencies linked with Alzheimer's disease.
In this study the effect of different combinations of animal dung (buffalo, cow, and goat) with kitchen wastes (vegetable wastes and banana peels) on the growth rate of Eutyphoeus waltoni during vermicomposting has been investigated. To identify the most potential feed material combination for enhancement of earthworm growth, the experiment was conducted using different combination of animal dung with kitchen waste as well as dung alone. Significant growth rate of Eutyphoeus waltoni was observed in all the binary combinations of animal dung with vegetable waste and banana peels whereas; the maximum growth rate was observed in the combination of buffalo dung and vegetable waste present in (1:1) ratio. It may be due to the balanced nutrient profile provided by the mixture, which enhances the decomposition process and creates an ideal environment for earthworm growth. The feed material combination of buffalo dung and vegetable waste in (1:1) ratio is suitable for better growth and development of earthworm Eutyphoeus waltoni which not only enhances the growth rate of earthworm but also contribute to efficient waste management by converting organic waste into nutrient-rich vermicompost.
The use of herbal drugs as alternative and complementary medicine has increased in popularity, raising concerns about their safety profile. Aloe vera, a plant with diverse therapeutic properties, has been extensively used for centuries. This review aims to assess the therapeutic activity and safety profile of
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