Experiment was conducted with 7-year-old trees of Hongdeng cultivar (Prunus avium L. cv. Hongdeng). The effect of temperature on phenolics content and bud break rate were analyzed and studied. Results showed that the effect of different temperature treatment on the content of phenolics and release of endodormancy in different period of endodormancy were different. Low temperature (5 ℃) treatment promoted the accumulation of phenolics at the primary stage of endodormancy, and made the phenolics content decreased earlier than that of control at the middle stage of endodormancy, and promoted the decreases of the content of phenolics; while the effect of high temperature (20 ℃) treatment was contrary to that of low temperature (5 ℃) .There were no obvious effects on the content of phenolics in flower buds after variable temperature (5 ℃/20 ℃) treatment. The effects of different temperature treatment on PAL and PPO activity were also different; at the early stage of endodormancy, low temperature (5 ℃) restrained PAL activity but accelerated the PPO activity raising, but made PAL activity decreased but raised the PPO activity in the middle of endodormancy, At the late stage of endodormancy, low temperature (5 ℃) made PAL activity decreased but raised the PPO activity. The effect of high temperature (20 ℃) was contrary to that of low temperature (5 ℃). There were no obvious effects after variable temperature (5 ℃/20 ℃) treatment. Low temperature (5 ℃) could break dormancy and made the bud break rate more than 50% during this three periods of dormancy. High temperature(20 ℃) inhibited the dormancy release, but the effects of variable temperature (5 ℃/20 ℃) were not obvious.
Physiological changes of peach bud in dormancy induction period were studied with low chilling requirement peach cultivar Chunjie and high chilling requirement peach cultivar Qingzhou Dongxuemitao. The results indicated that the water content and status,membrane permeability,starch and soluble sugar content,and respiration all significantly changed during the dormancy induction. Along with dormancy developing,the water content,the ratio of the free water and the bound water and membrane permeability decreased rapidly; the high chilling requirement peach cultivar Qingzhou Dongxuemitao decreased earlier with high extent compared with low chilling requirement peach cultivar Chunjie; on the contrary,starch and soluble sugar content increased fast,and the change of Qingzhou Dongxuemitao was earlier and faster than that of Chunjie. Meanwhile,respiratory intensity declined gradually and respiratory pathways changed,the TCA capacity of protein and fat sharply raised,and the EMP-TCA capacity changed erratically,but the HMP capacity gradually dropped, the total capacity of the other respiratory pathways increased.
The effects of crown gall on shoot growth and the status of N and P of some cherry roodstocks were studed by inoculating experiment.The resuits showed that the growth of shoot length and stem diameter of infected rootstocks was reduced in late phase of crown gall occurrence.The more quickly the shoots grew,the more quickly the tumors occurred.This disease also affected content of leafy chlorophyll and Pn of plants.As for a rootstock,the stronger resistance to crown gall it had,the less content of leafy chlorophyll and Pn it would be decreased. Crown gall could promote root activity,which not resulted in growth increase of host and also in tumor growth.Consistently higher concentrations of N and P occurred in shoot tumors on potted cherry rootstocks compared to nontumorous shoot tissue.Tumor was one of the strongest growth center;the crown gall on shoots togethering with other parts above ground,could conyete at first for p with root,then take part in competition of P among parts above grownd.Crown gall interfered with nitrogen back flow from parts above ground to root system firstly,then affected nitrogen back flow from leaves to other parts of tree.
Recently, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), related to metallic and ceramic powder interactions, has attracted huge interest from more and more researchers, because it can provide an attractive, energy-efficient approach to the synthesis of simple and complex materials. The adiabatic temperature $T_{ad}$ and apparent activation energy analysis of different thermit systems plays an important role in thermodynamic studies on combustion synthesis. After establishing and verifying a mathematic calculation program for predicting adiabatic temperatures, based on the thermodynamic theory of combustion synthesis systems, the adiabatic temperatures of the NiO/Al aluminothermic system during self-propagating high-temperature synthesis were investigated. The effect of a diluting agent additive fraction on combustion velocity was studied. According to the simulation and experimental results, the apparent activation energy was estimated using the Arrhenius diagram of $ln(v/T_{ad}){\sim}/T_{ad}$ based on the combustion equation given by Merzhanov et al. When the temperature exceeds the boiling point of aluminum (2,790 K), the apparent activation energy of the NiO/Al aluminothermic system is $64{\pm}14$ kJ/mol. In contrast, below 2,790 K, the apparent activation energy is $189{\pm}15$ kJ/mol. The process of combustion contributed to the mass-transference of aluminum reactant of the burning compacts. The reliability of the simulation results was experimentally verified.
Getah virus (GETV), a member of the genus alphavirus, is a mosquito-borne pathogen that can cause pyrexia and reproductive losses in animals. Although antibodies to GETV have been found in over 10% of healthy people, there are no reports of clinical symptoms associated with GETV. The biological and pathological properties of GETV are largely unknown and antiviral or vaccine treatments against GETV are still unavailable due to a lack of knowledge of the structure of the GETV virion. Here, we present the structure of infective GETV at a resolution of 2.8 Å with the atomic models of the capsid protein and the envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2. We have identified numerous glycosylation and S-acylation sites in E1 and E2. The surface-exposed glycans indicate a possible impact on viral immune evasion and host cell invasion. The S-acylation sites might be involved in stabilizing the transmembrane assembly of E1 and E2. In addition, a cholesterol and a phospholipid molecule are observed in a transmembrane hydrophobic pocket, together with two more cholesterols surrounding the pocket. The cholesterol and phospholipid stabilize the hydrophobic pocket in the viral envelope membrane. The structural information will assist structure-based antiviral and vaccine screening, design, and optimization.
Herein, we report the results of our investigation on the effect of friction and anvil design on the heterogeneous plastic-deformation characteristics of copper during the compressive stage of high-pressure torsion (HPT), using the finite element method.The results indicate that the friction and anvil geometry play important roles in the homogeneity of the deformation.These variables affect the heterogeneous level of strain in the HPT compressed disks, as well as the flash in the disk edge region.The heterogeneous plastic deformation of the disks becomes more severe with the increasing depth of the cavity, as anvil angle and friction coefficient increase.However, the homogeneity increases with increases in the wall angle.The length of flash and the area of the dead metal zone increase with the depth of the cavity, while they decrease at a wall angle of 180°.
We report here the complete genome sequence of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain CH/ZMDZY/11 isolated from central China. Our data, together with sequence data of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) isolates from other parts in China, will help to understand better the epidemiology and genetic diversity of PEDV field isolates in China.
Objective This study was aimed to investigate the methodology of radiofrequency ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) in complicated cases Methods 130 cases (87 males) with the average age of 56 years were enrolled consecutively Each patient was diagnosed PAF by Holter and ECG After routine transseptal procedure and cannulation, retrograde pulmonary venography was taken to show the anatomic morphology of all pulmonary veins (PVs) Under the guidance of Lasso circular mapping catheter, all cases underwent electrical isolation for four PVs using the saline irrigated ablation catheter Results (1) By venography,21 PVs (16 2%) were found to have enormously dilated ostia in 21 out of 130 cases 5 PVs (3 8%) had left common trunks 3 PVs (2 3%) had right common trunks In 6 cases right PVs were found to have multiple bifurcated ostia, and the prevalence rate was 4 7% (2) A total of 341 PVs were targeted for segmental ablation in 130 cases Complete isolation was failed in 29 PVs, including 11 PVs with dilated ostia Among the 29 PVs, 14 were left superior PVs (LSPVs), 8 were left inferior PVs (LIPVs), 5 were right inferior PVs (RIPVs), and 2 were right superior PVs (RSPVs) Conclusion The anatomical variants of PV was the main cause of complicating radiofrequency ablation in patients with PAF
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