Petroleum refineries are major sources of air pollution, giving off particulate matter, volatile hydrocarbons, and oxides of sulphur and nitrogen. The field-study here reported was conducted in the vicinity of Barauni Petroleum Refinery, in the Begusarai district of Bihar, India, with the objects of measuring the level of pollution through phytomonitoring and assessing the overall impact of the Refinery's emissions on vegetation.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between operational risk management (ORM), size, and ownership of Indian banks. This is important in the context of financial crisis experienced by developed countries due to lax regulation. Design/methodology/approach ORM practices of Indian banks are proxied by excess capital (over the required minimum capital for operational risk). Size of a bank is measured as deposits plus advances. Our sample includes 61 Indian banks during the period from 2010 to 2013. The authors empirically examine the impact of bank size on excess capital using panel data regression model. Findings The results suggest that size of Indian banks is inversely related to excess capital held by them for managing operational risk. The inverse relationship implies that smaller banks hold higher excess capital over the required minimum as per Basel norms. There is no significant relationship between ownership (public, private and foreign) and excess capital held by banks for managing operational risk. Practical implications The study has implications for Indian banks given the high level of losses due to bad loans, and the implementation of Basel III norms by the central bank, i.e. Reserve Bank of India. Social implications The study has implications for Indian financial system as a large percentage (about 33 per cent) of household savings are deployed in deposits with commercial banks and other financial institutions. The bank failure(s) can have disastrous consequences for the Indian economy as the capacity of the Indian financial system to withstand such shocks is highly doubtful. Originality/value There is very little evidence on ORM practices of Indian banks, and its relationship with size and ownership. The study assumes significance in the context of significant changes in the institutional and regulatory framework.
Abstract Our earlier experimental work1 on tertiary mode gas injection indicated that the gas injection strategy, either continuous (CGI) or alternating with water (WAG), did not have a significant effect on recovery during immiscible gas injections. This paper examines the effect of gas injection strategy on recovery in miscible gas injection projects. Here we compare the effects of injection strategy (namely secondary and tertiary) on horizontal type, miscible continuous gas injection (CGI) and Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) processes. The secondary miscible corefloods demonstrated high oil recoveries in both CGI and WAG mode of injection, attributable to higher initial oil saturations and the high capillary numbers achieved due to miscibility. The flood performance was analyzed using the conventional recovery plots as well as the tertiary recovery factors, TRF, defined as the oil recovery per unit volume of gas injected. Comparison of the TRF plots for secondary and tertiary gas injections, clearly demonstrate the beneficial recovery effects of gas injection early in the life of the flood. On the other hand, the WAG floods demonstrated higher gas utilization factors than those in CGI under secondary mode of injection. The water shielding effect, responsible for delayed oil breakthroughs in tertiary floods, was observed to be minimal in the secondary WAG floods. This work reconfirms that the optimal injection strategy consists of a combination of CGI and WAG modes of injection, which appears to be independent of whether the gas injection is carried out as a secondary or tertiary process.
This paper provides empirical evidence on the link between industry pricing dynamics and industry capital structure. We find evidence of countercyclical mark-up behaviour as predicted by Chevelier and Scharfstein (1996). The mark-ups are more countercyclical for industries with higher debt ratio. Secondly, the paper analyzes growth in firm sales and profitability performance post an industry downturn under different financial structures. This methodology helps mitigate the endogenous nature of capital structure and firm performance, since it is assumed that the downturn was not anticipated by industry participants. Also, inclusion of lagged values of debt ratio (t-2) ensures that spurious relation between contemporaneous values of debt ratio and firm performance is not obtained. We find that firms which are over-levered compared to the industry median experience lower sales growth and lower profitability vis-à-vis a benchmark firm which assumes industry median characteristics. This lends support to the hypothesis that external financing induces financial fragility that leads to reduction in competitive spending at the time of distress.
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The p53 protein is at the center of cell regulatory pathways influencing transcription and activity of several replication and transcription factors. In exon 4 of the gene TP53, a codon 72 polymorphism causing an Arg/Pro substitution has been reported in breast and other cancers. This substitution is in the putative SH3 binding domain of p53 protein, influencing binding capacity and thereby functional properties. In the present investigation of a relatively large series of cases in India, the frequency of the homozygous arginine genotype (33.2%) was significantly higher in the breast cancer group as compared to controls (19.6%), χ2 =11.791 (P=0.003). Patients with premenopausal breast cancer had a more elevated frequency (41.1%) than postmenopausal cases (25.4%) although the genotype frequency distribution did not show significant variation with respect to hormonal receptor status. Elevation was greatest in patients in advanced stages of cancer. The hetrozygote frequency (Arg/Pro) was also found to be increased in overweight and obese women with breast cancer. TP53 codon 72 polymorphism might predispose individual for the development of breast cancer as well as to bad prognosis. Intronic variants may affect gene regulation through aberrant splicing or through disruption of critical DNA-protein interaction. While no significant association was observed with relation to CC genotype as well as C allele of G13964C intron polymorphism with breast cancer, the C allele frequency showed association with respect to other risk confounding factors which might play role in progression of breast cancer.
A New Technique to Confidently Characterize Wettabilty Alterations Induced by Drilling/Completion/Workover Fluids D.N. Rao; D.N. Rao Louisiana State University Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Z.A. Bassiouni Z.A. Bassiouni Louisiana State University Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the SPE/DOE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 2000. Paper Number: SPE-59516-MS https://doi.org/10.2118/59516-MS Published: April 03 2000 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Get Permissions Search Site Citation Rao, D.N., and Z.A. Bassiouni. "A New Technique to Confidently Characterize Wettabilty Alterations Induced by Drilling/Completion/Workover Fluids." Paper presented at the SPE/DOE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 2000. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/59516-MS Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference Search Advanced Search AbstractFormation damage, although limited to the near-wellbore regions of the reservoir, plays a major role in productivity impairment simply because all the produced fluids must flow through this region. This damage could consist of permeability reduction due to deposition of particulate matter (fines, mud solids, asphaltenes etc.) as well as wettability alteration. While the permeability reduction and its possible remedies have been well-characterized in laboratory core floods, the wett ability alterations induced by the interactions between the rock and the various fluids used in drilling, completion and workover operations have remained difficult to characterize. This difficulty is mainly due to the uncertainty in the techniques we have been using to characterize wett ability, which has led to an aura of skepticism surrounding laboratory measurements of wett ability. Some of the reasons for this state of affairs are the lack of reproducibility of contact angle measurements even after using live reservoir fluids and long aging times, and the unrepresentative (or non-reservoir) conditions under which the Amott and USBM tests are generally carried out.This paper presents the recently developed dual-drop dual-crystal (DDDC) technique which has been used successfully in several oil-field applications to generate reproducible measurements of both the water-advancing and water-receding contact angles at reservoir conditions of temperature and pressure using live reservoir fluids. Unlike the conventional contact angle tests, which require 30–40 days to complete, the new technique enables these measurements within 2–3 days while assuring measurement accuracy within about 2–3 degrees. The paper presents the methodology and salient features of the new technique, some of the recent results to demonstrate its accuracy and short run times, and actual reservoir cases involving serious wett ability shifts caused by brine incompatibility, scale deposition, temperature variation and a workover fluid invasion. Due to its accuracy, short run duration and operability at reservoir conditions, the new technique offers excellent potential for detailed understanding of the influence of the various components of drilling/completion/workover fluids on wett ability alteration, screening and optimization of fluids for field applications, and evaluation of remedial measures to combat formation damage. Keywords: crude oil, reservoir conditions, formation damage, waterflooding, relative permeability, contact angle, fluid dynamics, completion, wettability, solid surface Subjects: Reservoir Fluid Dynamics, Improved and Enhanced Recovery, Flow in porous media, Waterflooding This content is only available via PDF. 2000. Society of Petroleum Engineers You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.
The conformations of the adenosine moiety of MgADP and MgATP bound to rabbit muscle creatine kinase were investigated by two-dimensional transferred nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (TRNOESY). The effects arising from adventitious binding of the ligands to the enzyme on the measurements were delineated. It was shown that, with sample protocols typically used thus far with the TRNOE method (enzyme, approximately 1 mM; ligand, approximately 10 mM), the TRNOESY pattern for the nucleotides with creatine kinase is similar to that with gamma-globulin and bovine serum albumin, which do not have specific nucleotide binding site(s). Measurements of NOE between the H1'-H2' proton pair as a function of ligand concentrations with the enzyme-ligand ratio kept constant at 1:10 showed that, for ligand concentrations over about 3-4 mM, weak nonspecific binding makes a significant contribution to the observed NOE. Thus the NOE values relevant for the determination of the nucleotide conformation at the active site were measured at nucleotide concentrations of about 1.5 mM. The TRNOE buildup curves for all the ligand-proton pairs were analyzed using a complete relaxation matrix approach. The interproton distances derived from the NOE's were then used as constraints in elucidating the ligand structure by using the program CHARMm. The NOE-determined structures of both MgADP and MgATP bound to creatine kinase correspond to an anti conformation with the glycosidic angle (O'4-C'1-N9-C8) chi = 51 +/- 5 degrees. The ribose pucker nominally representative of these data is a O4'T with a phase angle of pseudorotation (p) of 70.5 degrees.
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