Objective: To investigate the reasons for the decline in deaths attributed to ischaemic heart disease in Poland since 1991 after two decades of rising rates. Design: Recent changes in mortality were measured as percentage deviations in 1994 from rates predicted by extrapolation of sex and age specific death rates for 1980-91 for diseases of the circulatory system and selected other categories. Available data on national and household food availability, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, socioeconomic indices, and medical services over time were reviewed. Main outcome measures: Age specific and age standardised rates of death attributed to ischaemic heart disease and related causes. Results: The change in trend in mortality attributed to diseases of the circulatory system was similar in men and women and most marked (>20%) in early middle age. For ages 45 to 64 the decrease was greatest for deaths attributed to ischaemic heart disease and atherosclerosis (around 25%) and less for stroke (<10%). For most of the potentially explanatory variables considered, there were no corresponding changes in trend. However, between 1986-90 and 1994 there was a marked switch from animal fats (estimated availability down 23%) to vegetable fats (up 48%) and increased imports of fruit. Conclusion: Reporting biases are unlikely to have exaggerated the true fall in ischaemic heart disease; neither is it likely to be mainly due to changes in smoking, drinking, stress, or medical care. Changes in type of dietary fat and increased supplies of fresh fruit and vegetables seem to be the best candidates.
Key messages
Among former socialist countries Poland has undergone unusually rapid social and economic changes since 1988-9, including aspects of diet Mortality from heart disease declined sharply during 1991-4 after long term increases; mortality from stroke declined less strongly This study investigated what has changed in Poland to reduce the risks of fatal events in people with established ischaemic heart disease Candidate dietary explanations were the substitution of unsaturated for saturated fats and increased consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables
is an open access, peer-reviewed online journal that encompasses all aspects of tobacco use, prevention and cessation that can promote a tobacco free society.The aim of the journal is to foster, promote and disseminate research involving tobacco use, prevention, policy implementation at a regional, national or international level, disease development -progression related to tobacco use, tobacco use impact from the cellular to the international level and finally the treatment of tobacco attributable disease through smoking cessation.
Genetic variations increasing blood levels of acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of alcohol, refrain their carriers from drinking alcohol but may also put them at increased risk of cancer because of the mutagenic and carcinogenic effect of acetaldehyde. In a population-based study of 305 cases and 428 controls in Warsaw, Poland, we evaluated the effect of polymorphisms in alcohol metabolizing genes, including ADH1B (Ex9+5C>T, Ex3+23A>G, Ex3+58A>T and Ex9+77A>G), ADH1C (Ex8-56A>G and Ex6-14G>A) and ALDH2 (Ex1+82A>G), on levels of alcohol drinking and susceptibility of stomach cancer. We found that among control subjects frequency of alcohol drinking varied by alcohol metabolizing genotype. In particular, the weekly consumption of individuals carrying the AA, GA and GG genotypes of ALDH2 Ex1+82A>G polymorphism were 3.75, 2.26 and 1.53 drinks, respectively (p=0.04). However, none of the assessed polymorphisms in these 3 genes had a measurable effect on stomach cancer risk. When stratified by ALDH2 Ex1+82A>G polymorphism, alcohol-related increases in stomach cancer risk were restricted to individuals with the AG/GG genotypes, with a more than 2-fold risk among daily drinkers (OR=2.63, 95% CI=1.00-6.88) and 3-fold risk (OR=3.66, 95% CI=1.19-11.24) among those with 40 or more drink-years. In summary, our results suggested that the ALDH2 Ex1+82 G allele may be functionally deficient in eliminating acetaldehyde and discourage alcohol drinking. Furthermore, heavy drinkers of alcohol who were genetically prone to accumulate acetaldehyde may face an increased risk of stomach cancer.
ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Wojtyła A, Zatoński W. FROM THE EDITORS. Journal of Health Inequalities. 2016;2(1):1-1. doi:10.5114/jhi.2016.61579. APA Wojtyła, A., & Zatoński, W. (2016). FROM THE EDITORS. Journal of Health Inequalities, 2(1), 1-1. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhi.2016.61579 Chicago Wojtyła, Andrzej, and Witold Zatoński. 2016. "FROM THE EDITORS". Journal of Health Inequalities 2 (1): 1-1. doi:10.5114/jhi.2016.61579. Harvard Wojtyła, A., and Zatoński, W. (2016). FROM THE EDITORS. Journal of Health Inequalities, 2(1), pp.1-1. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhi.2016.61579 MLA Wojtyła, Andrzej et al. "FROM THE EDITORS." Journal of Health Inequalities, vol. 2, no. 1, 2016, pp. 1-1. doi:10.5114/jhi.2016.61579. Vancouver Wojtyła A, Zatoński W. FROM THE EDITORS. Journal of Health Inequalities. 2016;2(1):1-1. doi:10.5114/jhi.2016.61579.
Candidate variant association studies have been largely unsuccessful in identifying common breast cancer susceptibility variants, although most studies have been underpowered to detect associations of a realistic magnitude. We assessed 41 common non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) for which evidence of association with breast cancer risk had been previously reported. Case-control data were combined from 38 studies of white European women (46 450 cases and 42 600 controls) and analyzed using unconditional logistic regression. Strong evidence of association was observed for three nsSNPs: ATXN7-K264R at 3p21 [rs1053338, per allele OR = 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-1.10, P = 2.9 × 10(-6)], AKAP9-M463I at 7q21 (rs6964587, OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.03-1.07, P = 1.7 × 10(-6)) and NEK10-L513S at 3p24 (rs10510592, OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.07-1.12, P = 5.1 × 10(-17)). The first two associations reached genome-wide statistical significance in a combined analysis of available data, including independent data from nine genome-wide association studies (GWASs): for ATXN7-K264R, OR = 1.07 (95% CI = 1.05-1.10, P = 1.0 × 10(-8)); for AKAP9-M463I, OR = 1.05 (95% CI = 1.04-1.07, P = 2.0 × 10(-10)). Further analysis of other common variants in these two regions suggested that intronic SNPs nearby are more strongly associated with disease risk. We have thus identified a novel susceptibility locus at 3p21, and confirmed previous suggestive evidence that rs6964587 at 7q21 is associated with risk. The third locus, rs10510592, is located in an established breast cancer susceptibility region; the association was substantially attenuated after adjustment for the known GWAS hit. Thus, each of the associated nsSNPs is likely to be a marker for another, non-coding, variant causally related to breast cancer risk. Further fine-mapping and functional studies are required to identify the underlying risk-modifying variants and the genes through which they act.
ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Janik-Koncewicz K, Herbeć A, Zatoński M, et al. Building health literacy in a Polish region: protocol for the POWER project in Lower Silesia. Journal of Health Inequalities. 2018;4(1):27-30. doi:10.5114/jhi.2018.77645. APA Janik-Koncewicz, K., Herbeć, A., Zatoński, M., Rosik, K., Młoźniak, I., & Krajewski, J. et al. (2018). Building health literacy in a Polish region: protocol for the POWER project in Lower Silesia. Journal of Health Inequalities, 4(1), 27-30. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhi.2018.77645 Chicago Janik-Koncewicz, Kinga, Aleksandra Herbeć, Mateusz Zatoński, Katarzyna Rosik, Iwona Młoźniak, Jacek Krajewski, and Iwona Wójcik et al. 2018. "Building health literacy in a Polish region: protocol for the POWER project in Lower Silesia". Journal of Health Inequalities 4 (1): 27-30. doi:10.5114/jhi.2018.77645. Harvard Janik-Koncewicz, K., Herbeć, A., Zatoński, M., Rosik, K., Młoźniak, I., Krajewski, J., Wójcik, I., Rosińczuk, J., Szuba, A., and Zatoński, W. (2018). Building health literacy in a Polish region: protocol for the POWER project in Lower Silesia. Journal of Health Inequalities, 4(1), pp.27-30. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhi.2018.77645 MLA Janik-Koncewicz, Kinga et al. "Building health literacy in a Polish region: protocol for the POWER project in Lower Silesia." Journal of Health Inequalities, vol. 4, no. 1, 2018, pp. 27-30. doi:10.5114/jhi.2018.77645. Vancouver Janik-Koncewicz K, Herbeć A, Zatoński M, Rosik K, Młoźniak I, Krajewski J et al. Building health literacy in a Polish region: protocol for the POWER project in Lower Silesia. Journal of Health Inequalities. 2018;4(1):27-30. doi:10.5114/jhi.2018.77645.
ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Zatoński WA, Tukiendorf A, Zatoński M, Janik-Koncewicz K, Marciniak A, Wijatkowska K. Lung cancer mortality decline among middle-aged men and women in Poland and the UK. Journal of Health Inequalities. 2017;3(2):123-126. doi:10.5114/jhi.2017.74201. APA Zatoński, W. A., Tukiendorf, A., Zatoński, M., Janik-Koncewicz, K., Marciniak, A., & Wijatkowska, K. (2017). Lung cancer mortality decline among middle-aged men and women in Poland and the UK. Journal of Health Inequalities, 3(2), 123-126. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhi.2017.74201 Chicago Zatoński, Witold A, Andrzej Tukiendorf, Mateusz Zatoński, Kinga Janik-Koncewicz, Arlen Marciniak, and Katarzyna Wijatkowska. 2017. "Lung cancer mortality decline among middle-aged men and women in Poland and the UK". Journal of Health Inequalities 3 (2): 123-126. doi:10.5114/jhi.2017.74201. Harvard Zatoński, W., Tukiendorf, A., Zatoński, M., Janik-Koncewicz, K., Marciniak, A., and Wijatkowska, K. (2017). Lung cancer mortality decline among middle-aged men and women in Poland and the UK. Journal of Health Inequalities, 3(2), pp.123-126. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhi.2017.74201 MLA Zatoński, Witold et al. "Lung cancer mortality decline among middle-aged men and women in Poland and the UK." Journal of Health Inequalities, vol. 3, no. 2, 2017, pp. 123-126. doi:10.5114/jhi.2017.74201. Vancouver Zatoński W, Tukiendorf A, Zatoński M, Janik-Koncewicz K, Marciniak A, Wijatkowska K. Lung cancer mortality decline among middle-aged men and women in Poland and the UK. Journal of Health Inequalities. 2017;3(2):123-126. doi:10.5114/jhi.2017.74201.
National smoking prevalence estimates are the primary basis for assessing progress in tobacco control across the world. They are based on surveys of self-reported cigarette smoking. It has been assumed that this is sufficiently accurate for policy purposes, but this assumption has not been adequately tested.We report data from the 2003 Health Survey for England, the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2001-2002, and the 2004 national smoking behaviors survey in Poland as examples of countries at different stages in the "tobacco epidemic." Self-reported cigarette and total tobacco smoking prevalence were assessed by means of the standard questions used in each country. In subsamples, specimens were collected for analysis of cotinine (saliva, N = 1,613 in England; serum, N = 4,687 in the United States; and saliva, N = 388 in Poland) providing an objective means of determining active smoking. A cut point of 15 ng/mL was used to discriminate active smoking from passive smoke exposure.Self-reported cigarette smoking prevalence using the standard methods underestimated true tobacco smoking prevalence by an estimated 2.8% in England, 0.6% in the United States, and 4.4% in Poland. Cotinine concentrations in those misclassified as nonsmokers were indicative of high levels of smoke intake.Underestimation of smoking prevalence was minimal in the United States but significant in England and Poland. A review of methodologies for assessing tobacco smoking prevalence worldwide is urgently needed.
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