Internet of Things (IoT) advancement has pulled in much thought of late for its capacity to facilitate the strain on social protection structures realized by a developing masses and a climb in perpetual sickness. Standardization is a key issue obliging progression around there, and thus this examination presents a quality prototype for applications in upcoming IoT therapeutic administrations structures. This chapter shows the top tier look to each locale of the prototype, surveying its characteristics, shortcomings, and as the rule fittingness for IoT social protection unit. Troubles faced by social protection of IoT faces includes safety issues, assurance, wearable capabilities, and not proper utilization of action are shown and suggestions are provided for future research headings. Internet of Things (IoT) has increased generous consideration recently and assume a huge job in brilliant city application organizations. Various such keen city applications depend on sensor combination abilities in the cloud from different information sources. In this chapter, IoT's present scenario is described in detail and also the unique parameters used in IoT that oversee our sensor information combination assessment system are explained. We assess the present best in class in sensor information combination against our sensor information combination structure. Our fundamental objective is to look at and survey distinctive sensor information combination investigate endeavours dependent on our assessment structure. The significant open research issues identified with sensor information combination are additionally introduced.
Tremendous growth in the number of automobiles in developed and developing global economies has exorbitantly boosted competition for petroleum products. Petroleum products derived from fossil fuels are predominantly responsible for environmental pollution as unburnt hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) & carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are released from the fossil fuel combustion. In the view of increasing environmental pollution and stringent emission norms, the present study is concentrated on using Jatropha biodiesel as an alternate fuel source to run variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine. The characteristics of VCR diesel engine emission have been evaluated under different compression ratio (CR), operating conditions of load & pressure of fuel injection. In this research work, Jatropha biodiesel diesel blend B30 (30% biodiesel and 70% diesel) and B0 (100% diesel) have been taken as fuel to run the engine. For conducting experiments, load has been varied from 0 to 12 Kg, CR from 14 to 18 and FIP from 180 to 270 bar as per the model of Response Surface Methodology experiments. The experimental investigation showed that the use of the B30 blend reduces HC & CO emissions by about 16.7% and 24% correspondingly in comparison to diesel. However noteworthy rise in NOx & CO2 emissions rate recorded by using the B30 blend as that of diesel. It has been shown that with enhancing in load & CR, HC&CO emissions decreased significantly however increase in CO2 and NOx observed. Advancing FIP, significantly decreases HC & CO emissions as well as tends to increase NOx and CO2 emissions.
The advancement of storage and transportation systems for hydrogen is essential due to its increasing use as a clean energy source. The advancement of hydrogen supply chain technologies is investigated in this article, with an emphasis on the transportation and storage methods needed for implementing hydrogen into sustainable energy systems. The generation of green hydrogen by electrolysis fueled by renewable energy sources is essential for cutting carbon emissions and dependence on petroleum and coal. Optimization models and studies on green hydrogen production potential highlight the importance of sustainable infrastructure. The hydrogen transportation sector stands out because it depends on generating, storing, and delivering hydrogen, emphasizing the need to evaluate and improve supply chain operations to reduce environmental effects. Different storage techniques, such as compressed gas, liquid hydrogen, solid-state, and organic liquid hydrogen storage, are assessed for their efficiency and suitability. Enhancing the hydrogen supply chain requires usage of modern technologies like blockchain, renewable energy sources, and advanced analytics. This chapter addresses technology and innovation roles in sustainable supply chain practices. Every approach has unique pros and cons that impact their appropriateness for various sizes and uses. However, challenges like infrastructure costs and regulatory standards hinder widespread adoption. The study emphasizes the need for continued research and collaboration to fully realize hydrogen's potential as a sustainable vitality source.
Overconsuming fossil fuels has worsened global warming and air pollution, requiring us to investigate alternate fuels for compression ignition engines. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel and environmentally favorable. Biodiesel's most significant disadvantage is increased nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. The intent of the present study was to examine the impact of antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA) and nanoparticle ceria (CeO2) additive inclusion in a B30 blend on engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics. For this study, diesel, Jatropha biodiesel (B30), 100 ppm of antioxidant diphenylamine (50 ppm) with ceria nanoparticle (50 ppm) is added to the B30 blend named as B30+DPA100 and antioxidant diphenylamine (50 ppm) with ceria nanoparticle (50 ppm) is added to the B30 blend named as B30+DPA50+CeO250 fuel blends has been used. A hybrid response surface methodology and multi-criteria decision-making techniques (entropy method, TOPSIS, and VIKOR) have been used to develop a sustainable model and find the optimal setting of input parameters in terms of ranking. From experimental findings, the inclusion of antioxidants (DPA) and nanoparticle (CeO2) at 50 ppm to B30 significantly reduced NOx emission. The brake-specific fuel consumption and NOx have been found reduced by 5.67% and 18.87%, respectively, for B30+DPA50+CeO250 as compared to B30. At the same time, brake thermal efficiency increased by 1.01%. The brake mean effective pressure and maximum cylinder pressure) have been found increased by 0.68% and reduced by 4.52%, respectively, for B30+DPA50+CeO250 as compared to B30. The alternative ranking of the input parameters has been found fuel injection pressure (300), compression ratio (17), and load (12) as Rank 1 for TOPSIS and VIKOR. Therefore, the B30+DPA50+CeO250 blend is appropriate for improving diesel engine performance and diminishing exhaust emissions.
Hydrogen exhibits significant promise as a clean energy carrier, offering the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and enhance air quality through its utilization. However, the current hydrogen production is largely based on fossil fuels, which is not sustainable. Over the past few years, there has been significant progress in the development of new hydrogen production technologies with a lower environmental impact. This review study offers a thorough examination of the latest advancements in hydrogen production techniques, particularly thermochemical processes. The chapter begins with a brief introduction to hydrogen and its potential as a clean energy carrier. It then discusses the key challenges and opportunities in hydrogen production. The subsequent sections provide a detailed overview of hydrogen production methods. The chapter concludes by comparing various methods for hydrogen production in terms of efficiency, cost, environmental impact, and scalability and discusses the future outlook for hydrogen production.
The traditional combustion mode which utilized in the DI diesel engine has high and excessive emissions so the most wanted combustion is creating new modes which produce low combustion temperatures and low emissions. The main objective of the research is executing combustion, performance, and emissions attributes for PCCI-DI engine using blends of biodiesel and commercial diesel fuel blends for reducing the reactivity of the waste cooked oil and fossil diesel fuel mixtures. In this investigation, the waste cooked oil biodiesel is mixed with pure diesel fuel to formulate two blends by volume are 20% biodiesel 80% diesel (B20D80) and the other is 40% biodiesel 60% diesel (B40D60). The PCCI-DI engine methodology is activated after running the engine traditionally with direct injection for keeping stable running and prevents cold starting. The PCCI-DI operation insures that the charged mixture of a certain fraction of the supplied fuel is vaporized outside the engine manifold and the rested fuel quantity is conventionally burned before the TDC. However, the fuel blends that vaporized are adjusted at different premixed ratios at 20%, 25% and 30%, in that orders. The present investigation shows upgrades in all engine attributes. The obtained results of PCCI-DI technique at different premixed ratios shows a certain reduction for the peaks of the in-cylinder pressure, reduction in apparent heat release, rising in average brake thermal efficiency from 19.34% at conventional direct injection to 29.91% at PR3. In addition, reduction in average CO emission from 0.324% to 0.083% and reduction in average NOx from 559.3 PPM to 150.5 PPM.