It is a value of art to push us out of our comfort zone�to challenge conventions and limits, including what subjects and materials are deemed �appropriate� for art and to continually challenge what art�s form and purpose are in society. It can raise difficult questions about taboo subjects and break with the past to create the new. Mass media like to focus on art in two primary ways: as scandalous controversy and as money (and the two can sometimes support each other). This sensationalist approach to culture reinforces the feeling that art is dangerous. Do we place limits on what can be seen and discussed? What is the line and how far is too far?
The purpose of this study was to describe the incidence of soft tissue injuries associated with pediatric proximal tibial fractures (PPTF) and the frequency that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used before surgery in this patient population.A systematic review of English literature, using EMBASE and PubMed, was completed. Articles reporting on soft tissue injury in PPTFs between 1980 and 2021 were identified. Associated pathology (meniscal tear, meniscal entrapment, cruciate ligament injury, extensor mechanism injury, and chondral injury) and use of MRI at time of diagnosis, were assessed in these studies. Twenty-three articles were included.Extraction of data revealed 1046 patients and 1057 fractures, with a mean age of 12.3 ± 1.7 at the time of injury. Most patients were male (n = 757 [72.3%]). Most fractures were tibial eminence fractures (TEF) (n = 747 [70.7%]), followed by tibial tubercle (n = 218 [20.6%]) and then tibial plateau fractures (n = 92 [8.7%]). Associated soft tissue injuries were found in 58.8% (n = 621) of fractures overall. Meniscal entrapment was the most common, occurring in 22.1% (n = 234) of cases. Meniscal tears occurred in 18.6% of cases (n = 197), followed by ligament injury in 9.4% (n = 99), chondral injury in 6.5% (n = 69), and extensor mechanism injury in 2.1% (n = 22) of cases. All cases of tendinous extensor mechanism injury were seen in tibial tubercle fractures, with 22 injuries occurring in 10.1% of tibial tubercle fractures. At time of injury just 24.3% (n = 257) of fractures had an MRI performed before surgery.PPTFs are associated with a high incidence of associated injury (58.8%), particularly in TEFs (63.5%) and TPFs (100%).Systematic Review of Level III-IV studies.
Background: Arthroscopic hip labral repair is a technically challenging and demanding surgical technique with a steep learning curve. Arthroscopic simulation allows trainees to develop these skills in a safe environment. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a combination of assessment ratings for the performance of arthroscopic hip labral repair on a dry model. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 47 participants including orthopaedic surgery residents (n = 37), sports medicine fellows (n = 5), and staff surgeons (n = 5) performed arthroscopic hip labral repair on a dry model. Prior arthroscopic experience was noted. Participants were evaluated by 2 orthopaedic surgeons using a task-specific checklist, the Arthroscopic Surgical Skill Evaluation Tool (ASSET), task completion time, and a final global rating scale. All procedures were video-recorded and scored by an orthopaedic fellow blinded to the level of training of each participant. Results: The internal consistency/reliability (Cronbach alpha) using the total ASSET score for the procedure was high (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.9). One-way analysis of variance for the total ASSET score demonstrated a difference between participants based on the level of training ( F 3,43 = 27.8, P < .001). A good correlation was seen between the ASSET score and previous exposure to arthroscopic procedures ( r = 0.52-0.73, P < .001). The interrater reliability for the ASSET score was excellent (>0.9). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that the use of dry models to assess the performance of arthroscopic hip labral repair by trainees is both valid and reliable. Further research will be required to demonstrate a correlation with performance on cadaveric specimens or in the operating room.
Dedicated to organizing workers from diverse racial, ethnic, and religious backgrounds, many of whom were considered unorganizable by other unions, the progressive New York City-based labor union District 65 counted among its 30,000 members retail clerks, office workers, warehouse workers, and wholesale workers. In this book, Lisa Phillips presents a distinctive study of District 65 and its efforts to secure economic equality for minority workers in sales and processing jobs in small, low-end shops and warehouses throughout the city. Phillips shows how organizers fought tirelessly to achieve better hours and higher wages for unskilled, unrepresented workers and to destigmatize the kind of work they performed. Closely examining the strategies employed by District 65 from the 1930s through the early Cold War years, Phillips assesses the impact of the McCarthy era on the union's quest for economic equality across divisions of race, ethnicity, and skill. Though their stories have been overshadowed by those of auto, steel, and electrical workers who forced American manufacturing giants to unionize, the District 65 workers believed their union provided them with an opportunity to re-value their work, the result of an economy inclining toward fewer manufacturing jobs and more low-wage service and processing jobs. Phillips recounts how District 65 first broke with the CIO over the latter's hostility to left-oriented politics and organizing agendas, then rejoined to facilitate alliances with the NAACP. In telling the story of District 65 and detailing community organizing efforts during the first part of the Cold War and under the AFL-CIO umbrella, A Renegade Union continues to revise the history of the left-led unions of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
John H. M. Laslett has written a valuable and comprehensive history of Los Angeles's working class. It covers 130 years, with particular attention to how the city became known for being notoriously open-shop, a magnet for business interests and conservatives. Despite that reputation, Laslett uncovers a rich history of labor organizing in Los Angeles. Although the city was never as pro-union as Detroit, Chicago, or Pittsburgh, organizing nevertheless provided the foundation for a major labor upsurge there in the 1990s. Laslett argues that the open shop dominated most of the city's history, with a few significant exceptions: the 1930s, World War II, and the 1990s. To help us understand why, he conceptualizes Los Angeles as three concentric circles covering a sixty-mile radius: downtown and Hollywood, the “industrial suburbs” including the Alameda corridor and the San Fernando Valley, and the rural hinterlands. People in each area experienced unique challenges based upon the kind of work they did, the ethnic and racial makeup of the workforce, their proximity to their workplaces, the extent to which they could draw upon a radical history, and the relative strength of the business community in a given time period.
By the year 2030, 1 in 5 Americans will be aged 65 or older, while the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population will be people 85+ years of age. Each year, a growing portion of those who use the Nation's roads and sidewalks are older adults. Some things, such as vocabulary and knowledge can increase throughout a person's lifespan, while other abilities, such as vision, typically decline. Unfortunately, a large vocabulary does not help motorists drive across town as much as visual acuity does. The challenge for the transportation industry is to maximize safe mobility options for older populations while maintaining safety for all road users. This article makes recommendations on infrastructure design, keeping in mind the changes in abilities of senior motorists and pedestrians. Topics discussed include challenges associated with decreased abilities, countermeasures for common conditions of aging, vision changes and improving roadway visibility, musculoskeletal function and improving intersections, and making roadway navigation easier while considering the cognitive changes affecting older Americans. The article closes with a look toward the future.
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