The purpose of this research was to examine the fundamentals of drought, including its classification, drought parameters, the importance of GIS remote sensing (RS) technology in drought monitoring, and the value of geographic information systems (GIS) in assessing drought. In recent years, global drought consequences have received more attention due to increased demand for water and climate change. Drought has been characterized as a natural threat by several climatic and hydro biological parameters. To evaluate drought effects, an understanding of the relationship between these two sets of parameters is important. Environmentalists, hydrologists, ecologists, geologists, meteorologists, and agricultural scientists are all interested 262in drought because of its impact on the environment, seasonal distribution according to rainy days, intensity, rain duration, and onset. Various environmental factors play an important role in drought incidences, such as the time of occurrence and features of rain, temperature, fast winds, and lower relative humidity involving crop growth and termination. Drought is constrained to low rainfall areas, which is the ultimate feature of the climate as a momentary irregularity. Sometimes, there is a misperception between heat waves and drought; however, the difference between them is highlighted, given that a heatwave is connected to a particular time on the weekly order, whereas drought can last for months or even years. The risk of drought is a product of natural hazard area exposure and its proneness to prolonged periods of water scarcity. If countries and territories are to find agreement in decreasing the devastating effects of drought, they must enhance their knowledge of the threat and the aspects that affect vulnerability. Building a complete and combined information technique that considers climates, soils, and factors for the supply of water, such as rainfall, temperature, moisture content in soil, reservoir and lake levels, groundwater levels, and streamflow, is essential for drought-prone areas in order to recognize their dry meteorology (meaning the probability that drought will occur at diverse degrees of magnitude for variable time durations). These inclusive drought indices make it simple to address the issue of food insecurity on a national scale and develop appropriate policies.
Abstract Loss of NH3 from urea fertilizer in a cultivated sandy desert soil was evaluated by using various fertilizer treatment regimes. The nitrification of added urea increased with the pretreatment of (NH4)2SO4. The increase in nitrification rate was directly related to the amount of (NH4)2SO4 added. These results suggested that when urea was applied after sufficient increase in nitrification rate, i.e., 3 to 5 weeks after the pretreatment with NR+ 4 fertilizers, the NH+ 4 produced by the hydrolysis of urea was quickly nitrified, leaving low concentration of NH+ 4 in soil and resulting in decreased losses of NH3. Among the different NH+ 4 containing or forming fertilizers, (NH4)2SO4 was significantly better in arresting NH3 loss from a subsequent application of urea. The decreased loss of N was reflected in higher yields of pearl millet.
Biotic or abiotic stress can cause considerable damage to crop plants that can be managed by building disease resistance in the cultivated gene pool through breeding for disease resistance genes (R-genes). R-genes, conferring resistance to diverse pathogens or pests share a high level of similarity at the DNA and protein levels in different plant species. This property of R-genes has been successfully employed to isolate putative resistance gene analogues (RGAs) using a PCR-based approach from new plant sources. Using a similar approach, in the present study, we have successfully amplified putative RGAs having nucleotide-binding-site leucine-rich repeats (NBS-LRR-type RGAs) from seven different sources: two cultivated coffee species ( Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex. A. Froehner), four related taxa endemic to India (wild tree coffee species: Psilanthus bengalensis (Roem. & Schuttles) J.-F. Leroy, Psilanthus khasiana , Psilanthus travencorensis (Wight & Arn.) J.-F. Leroy, Psilanthus weightiana (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) J.-F. Leroy), and a cDNA pool originally prepared from light- and drought-stressed Coffea arabica L. leaves. The total PCR amplicons obtained using NBS-LRR-specific primers from each source were cloned and transformed to construct seven independent libraries, from which 434 randomly picked clones were sequenced. In silico analysis of the sequenced clones revealed 27 sequences that contained characteristic RGA motifs, of which 24 had complete uninterrupted open reading frames. Comparisons of these with published RGAs showed several of these to be novel RGA sequences. Interestingly, most of such novel RGAs belonged to the related wild Psilanthus species. The data thus suggest the potential of the secondary gene pool as possible untapped donors of resistance genes to the present day cultivated species of coffee.