Ancient DNA is DNA isolated from ancient specimens .It can be described as any DNA recovered from biological samples that have not been preserved specifically for later DNA analyses. The analysis of DNA recovered from archaeological and historical skeletal material, mummified tissues, archival collections of non-frozen medical specimens, preserved plant remains, ice and permafrost cores, Holocene plankton in marine and lake sediments, and so on are ancient DNA samples. Unlike modern genetic analyses, ancient DNA studies are characterized by low quality DNA. This places limits on what analyses can achieve. Furthermore, due to degradation of the DNA molecules, a process which correlates loosely with factors such as time, temperature, and presence of free water, upper limits exist beyond which no DNA is deemed likely to survive. The DNA degrades in an exponential decay process.
The starch granules present in the sweet potato roots are imbedded in cellulosic fibersand held together by pectin substrates. Rasping the chopped roots conventionally does the extractionof starch. Vision of this study was to investigate the effect of endogenous and commercial hydrolyticenzymes (cytolase, pectinase and cellulase) whether breakdown these substrates could lead to betterrelease of the starch granule.
The experiments revealed that the inherent or endogenous enzyme had no substantial effect onimproving starch extraction. However, the addition of commercial enzyme was found to increase theextraction of starch considerably even at lower levels of rasping. It was found that cytolase enzyme at0.2% (v/w) level that is a combination of pectinase and carbohydrases was able to enhance starchextraction more than two and half fold than that of control. Besides this, mixture of cytolase andpectinase at 0.1% level gave also more than 95% starch recovery. Mixing and optimum temperaturefor action of the enzymes during incubation increases starch yields.
It was found that enzymes addition could serve as a good alternative to increased rasping, whichcould break down the fiber to get out the starch granule. With the drop in price of the enzymes this could lead to cost saving over the amount spent in rasping. Thus enzyme-assisted extraction canperform a major role in getting better yields and quality of starch in an environmentally friendly way.
Four indigenous plant, Bryophyllum daigremontianum (Raym.), Coccinea cordifolia (Linn.), Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) and Micromelum minutum (G. Forst.) have been investigated for their antioxidant activity. The extractives were subjected to assay by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for evaluation of free radical scavenging property. The IC50 value of the organic extracts ranged from 336.45 to 23.85 μg/ml. The aqueous soluble fraction of L. glutinosa demonstrated potent free radical scavenging activity (IC50-23.85μg/ml) as compared to tert-butyl- 1-hydroxytoluene (standard) that showed an ICso value of 34.89 μg/ml. The results primarily suggest the presence of potent oxidation inhibitory principles in the leaves of L. glutinosa.
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