orcine pleuropneumonia is caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. This organism is thought to be transmitted mainly through direct contact, usually after asymptomatic carrier pigs are introduced into a herd. The possibility of indirect transmission has only occasionally been raised.1,2 Nicolet reported that the source of infection in Swiss specific-pathogen-free (SPF) herds was often unknown, and that in an experimental infection, some pigs were accidentally infected through contaminated boots, clothes, or equipment.1 The source of infection in a Danish SPF herd also could not be identified.2 However, since most recent reports have failed to specifically address the possibility that A. pleuropneumoniae can be transmitted indirectly, it remains an open question.
The minimal inhibitory concentrations of carbadox, dimetridazole, lincomycin, ronidazole, and tiamulin against isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens were determined by an agar-dilution method. The results obtained indicated that tiamulin was the most effective antimicrobial in vitro against T. hyodysenteriae, followed by carbadox. Dimetridazole, lincomycin, and ronidazole had poor efficacy in vitro against the T. hyodysenteriae isolates. Isolates of T. innocens were more sensitive to the various antimicrobials. Carbadox and tiamulin were the most effective in vitro, followed by ronidazole, dimetridazole, and lincomycin.
Objective: To establish a herd negative for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from PRRSV-positive sources by management of the gilt pool and batching of pig flow. Methods: Two groups of PRRSV-positive gilts were housed in common acclimatization areas for 70 to 100 days, bred in an off-site finishing facility, and farrowed in a separate facility. Piglets weaned at 5 to 7 days of age were moved to off-site nurseries in weekly batches and mixed with cohort sentinel piglets from a PRRSV-negative herd. Each nursery batch was tested for PRRSV twice by PCR and once by ELISA. Two to five negative batches were grouped in off-site grower facilities, and tested again. Negative groups moved to a quarantine facility. Negative quarantine groups were used for stocking the PRRSV-negative herd. Results: Of the 31 batches of nursery pigs produced, three batches, born 2, 4, and 6 weeks after farrowings started, were PRRSV-positive. Six grower groups (comprising 23 nursery batches) that were PRRSV-negative after repeated testing were assembled into five groups in a quarantine facility and remained PRRSV-negative. Two grower groups were rejected. A total of 9500 pigs were produced, from which 3415 pigs were selected to stock the PRRSV-negative herd. Implications: A PRRSV-negative population was established from positive sources by managing the gilt pool and batching the pig flow, allowing for preservation of elite genetics. It appeared that PRRSV infection, indicated by lack of seroconversion in the offspring, eventually either disappeared or became inactive in the donor gilt population.
In late 2004 and early 2005, an increase in finishing-pig mortality was reported by several veterinarians. It was attributed to porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD) and more specifically to postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). This prompted the Quebec association of swine veterinarians (AVIA: Association des veterinaires en industrie animale du Quebec) in conjunction with the Federation des producteurs de porcs du Quebec (FPPQ) to conduct a survey to confirm the extent of these losses and to assess the prevalence of PMWS.
A short questionnaire was developed to gather information on the number of pigs marketed and, for the year 2004 and the first 8 mo of 2005, the percentage of mortality in finishing pigs (number of dead and euthanized pigs divided by average inventory), the average age at death, the percentage of lightweight pigs sold (< 70 kg carcass weight), and the type of data recording system and quality of performance data used. For the period of January to August 2005, presence or absence of PMWS and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) was also noted and, when present, whether the diagnosis was based on postmortem examination or on clinical signs typical of these conditions. The information gathered through the questionnaire referred to the performances and health status in the finishing phase solely.
The list of all CQA® (Canadian Quality Assurance) certified sites where marketing pigs were produced, in either farrow-to-finish or finishing operations, was obtained from the FPPQ. For each type of production, a random sample was obtained, stratifying on herd size. The sample size was selected assuming an expected prevalence of PMWS of 35% and 50% for farrow-to-finish and finishing herds, respectively. Each selected producer was contacted by telephone and asked for his/her participation and the name of the herd attending veterinarian. The surveys were then sent to the veterinarians along with instructions on how to complete them. Also, veterinarians had previously been contacted at a professional meeting and given explanations on the objectives of the study and the case definition of PMWS. A total of 48 veterinarians were involved. Differences in performances between periods, groups, and health status were determined by using general linear model with post-hoc Tukey’s test or logistic regression (SAS version 9.1, Cary, North Carolina, USA). A P-value of 0.05 was used.
The response rate (74%) was fairly good, with slight differences according to the size of the herds. Results for each type and size of operation are reported in Table 1. The mortality in finishing pigs was significantly greater in 2005 than in 2004 for both types of herds. The difference in mortality between 2004 and 2005 was 2.4%, with 2.2% and 2.8% for farrow-to-finish and finishing operations, respectively, representing an average increase in mortality of 42% and 56% for 2005 compared with 2004. In this sample, nearly half of the herds (111/244) reported an increase of more than 50% in mortality for the first 8 mo of 2005 compared with 2004, whereas 25% of the herds reported no increase. Therefore, several herds would probably fulfill one of the clinical criteria for the case definition of PMWS on a herd level, as described by the European PCVD consortium (1), which is an increase exceeding the regional level by 50% over a minimal period of 1 or 2 mo.
Table 1
Performance data and prevalence of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in finishing pigs for year 2004 and first 8 mo of 2005a in Quebec farrow-to-finish and finishing herds
The average age at death of finishing pigs was lower in farrow- to-finish than in finishing herds (13 vs. 15 wk), and no difference was observed between 2004 and 2005. This might be a consequence of the type of animal flow within these herds. Finishing operations are more easily conducted with “all in — all out” by building; thus, the infection of animals by pathogens may be slightly delayed in finishing compared with farrow-to-finish herds, which are more often run in a continuous flow within a building. Analysis of percentage of lightweight pigs sold could not be performed because of too many missing data.
The average prevalence of PMWS was 56%, being significantly higher in finishing than in farrow-to-finish operations (75% vs. 48%; Table 1). One hypothesis is that commingling of pigs from several sources, a practice observed only in finishing herds, might favor the occurrence of PMWS. As for several infectious diseases, larger herds were more likely to have a positive diagnosis for PMWS than were smaller ones, with the odds ratio ranging from 2.4 to 6.2. In 53% of the herds reporting PMWS, a laboratory had confirmed the diagnosis. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome was reported in 50% of the herds, with no difference observed between the 2 types of farms.
The mortality in 2005 was significantly higher in herds affected by both PMWS and PRRS than in any other herds; almost double that observed in herds affected by either PMWS or PRRS alone. These diseases have a major economic impact, considering the high prevalence of herds affected by both pathogens (35%). Health status regarding the 2 pathogens was unknown for 27% of the farms surveyed, suggesting that the prevalence may even be higher than reported herein. Moreover, results were only for the finishing phase and did not include losses from the nursery stage or for deterioration in other performance data.
