Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) single layer and SiO₂/GZO bi-layered films were deposited on Polycarbonate(PC) substrate by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. Influence of the structural, electrical, and optical properties of the films was considered. We have considered the influence of electron irradiation energy of 450 and 900 eV on the stuctural, electrical and optical properties of SiO₂/GZO thin films. The optical transmittance in a visible wave length region increased with the electron irradiation energy. The electrical resistivity of the films were dependent on the electron’s irradiation energy. The SiO₂/GZO films irradiated at 900 eV were showen the lowest resistivity of 7.8 × 10?3 Ωcm. The film which was irradiated by electron at 900 eV shows 84.3% optical transmittance and also shows lower than contact angle of 58o in this study.
Fruit cracking and vine leaf spot of grapes tend to occur when the plants were directly exposed to rain under outdoor culture. Rain shelter facility can be an alternative method to prevent the cracking and disease of grape, but it also has some limitations in practical usages. We designed rain shelter facility which can completely shut out the rain and ventilate naturally, and it was upgraded to meet the standards of disaster prevention against snow and wind load. The newly developed rain shelter has two-story roof structure, and the 2nd floor roof was equipped over 1st floor roof at a distance of 40㎝. For natural ventilation and water proof, the upper roof protruded about 50㎝ from the ridge of a 1st floor roof. The various tests were carried to examine such as grape quality, brown spot and fruit cracking of Campbell Early under the conventional and the newly developed rain shelter facility which was built about 100s?. In comparison of temperature between the conventional and the newly developed rain shelter facility when outside temperature was more than 34℃, the inside temperature was recorded as 40.7℃ and 37.4℃, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two facilities when outside was below 32℃ The quality such as soluble solids and marketable fruit was increased, and fruit cracking of grapes and vine leaf spot also drastically diminished in the newly developed rain shelter.
Effects of different soil water conditions on fruit characteristics were investigated in 5-year-old ‘Nero’ black chokeberry trees (Aronia melanocarpa). Three kinds of drought stresses, including low water deficit, severe water deficit, and very severe water deficit, due to decline of soil water decreased the fruit quality of weight of 10 berries, soluble solid content, and anthocyanin, compared with the control (consistent water supply) during the harvest period. After longer drought stress, supply of soil water could induce berry cracking because cell size of epidermis of fruits contracted, whereas cell size of sub-epidermis and flesh expanded. Thus periodic water supply using water supply facility is needed for yield and quality of ‘Nero’ black chokeberry fruits.
과수작물은 국내 농업총생산액의 8.3%정도를 차지하는 주요 작목으로 목본성, 영년생 식물에 해당하며 열매가 재배의 최종산물이다. 영년생 식물의 특성 상 종자의 발아에서부터 개화까지 길게는 10년 이상의 기간이 소요되어 세대진전이 늦기 때문에 교배 후 후대의 전개와 조사가 어렵다. 또한 많은 경우 자가불화성과 교배불친화성이 존재하기 때문에 유전형이 이형접합상태이므로 유전특성을 분석하고 이해하는데 어려움이 크다. 따라서 유전현상에 대한 이해도가 낮아 효율적이고 정밀한 품종육성에 큰 제한이 되고 있다. 최근 NGS 기반의 대량 유전정보의 활용기술은 과수작물에서도 유전현상 이해의 어려움을 극복할 수 있는 새로운 기술로 각광 받고 있다. 대규모 과수작물의 유전체 육종 연구가 미국, 유럽 등 선진국을 중심으로 추진 중이지만 아직까지 초본성 작물에 비해 시작단계에 불과하므로 아직까지 기술적 수준 차가 크지 않아 연구와 기술개발의 경쟁력이 있다고 할 수 있다. 국내에서는 농생물게놈활용연구사업단에서 교목성 자가불화합성 장미과 과수인 사과와 배, 덩굴성 자가화합성 과수인 포도를 대표작물로 선정하고 1단계에서 핵심집단을 구축한 바 있으며, 현재 자원을 이용한 게놈전체연관분석이 추진 중이다. GWAS기술을 이용한 유용유전자의 동정과 분자표지의 개발은 과수작물이 가진 유전분석의 어려움을 극복하고 유전자원을 이용하여 농업적으로 중요한 형질과 관련된 유전자를 탐색과 이용에 대한 효율을 높일 수 있는 장점이 있다. 따라서 그 연구결과는 해당 작물뿐 아니라 과수 전체의 유전현상에 이해를 높이고 고효율, 정밀 육종을 통해 국내 과수육종의 경쟁력을 크게 증진할 수 있을 것이다.
The effects of fuel injection conditions such as the start of injection, duration of injection, split injection in a diesel engine on the soot and NOx emissions are studied by using the KIVA-3V code. The results show the general trends of soot and NOx emissions. When the start of single injection is advanced or split injection is applied, the combustion chamber temperature is increased due to the prolongation of combustion process, consequently the soot concentration is decreased. In the other hand this phenomena caused the increasing of NOx emissions.
This study was accomplished to investigate the effect of harvest time on the contents of polyphenolic compounds such as epicatechin, catechin, resveratrol and quercetin in grapes (Vitis spp.). The souble solids contents were increased with harvest time delay, while the titratable acidity continuously decreased in all cultivars. Brightness (L) was higher in ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘Shigyoku’, Hunter a value was high in ‘Shigyoku’ which was harvested later. Hunter b value seemed to be different in ‘Shigyoku’ depending on harvesting time. The contents of EC which was extracted ‘Campbell Early’, ‘Shigyoku’ and ‘M.B.A’ were higher late harvest time than early harvest time, reapectively, In ‘Shigyoku which requires the direct light, the contents of EGC and EC showed distinct differences depending on harvesting time. The compositions of epicatechin were different depending on cultivars. The contents of catechin and resveratrol were higher in ‘Campbell Early’ and ‘M.B.A’ which were harvested later, but ‘Shigyoku’ which was harvested earlier. The contents of quercetin was higher in ‘Campbell Early’ which was harvested earlier, but ‘Shigyoku’ and ‘M.B.A’ which were harvested later. In comparison with ‘Shigyoku’ and ‘M.B.A’, catechin and resveratrol contents were seen to be higher in ‘Campbell Early’ irrespective of harvesting time.
To clarify inheritance mode and to develop molecular markers linked to the resistance trait of Alternaria blotch (A. mali) in apple, the 100 seedlings were evaluated and genetically analyzed from the F₁ progeny population between resistant ‘Tsugaru’ and susceptible ‘Gamhong’. The results of the field evaluation showed 1:1 segregation between resistant and susceptible seedlings confirming that the resistance of Alternaria blotch is controlled by single recessive gene. Inoculation using 4 × diluted culture filtrate was useful for screening of resistance because the 4 × dilution only fitted an expecting 1:1 segregation ratio among four different dilution ratios of culture filtrate. More seedlings of resistance were segregated by culture filtrate inoculation originated with two kinds of A. mali than those by field evaluation which result proposed the influence of major gene(s) to the Alternaria blotch resistance in apples. As a result of bulked segregant analysis (BSA) using 567 random primers, 27 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were preliminarily selected using two parents and two DNA bulks and three RAPD markers linked to the Alternaria blotch resistance trait, OPV03-1390, OPU06-1270, and WK07-1580, were finally selected. The results suggest that the selected markers could be used for the resistant apple breeding to increase selection efficiency.
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