Commercially pure aluminum specimens were anodically oxidized in a 13M H2SO4 solution at 20°C by applying a constant current density of 1A·dm-2, the voltage attained being 36-38V. The composition and properties of the oxide formed were investigated by chemical analysis, electrochemical techniques, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The results were compared with those for oxide films formed in a 1.5M solution. (1) The content of SO42- and H2O were about 40% and 6.5% respectively for the 13M film and 15% and 5.5% for the 1.5M film. Thus, film composition is expressed by Al2O2.29 (SO4)0.71⋅;0.61H2O and Al2O2.81 (SO4)0.19⋅0.38H2O. (2) For the 13M films, the thickness of the barrier layer was 330Å and that of the pore wall 270Å, pore diameter was 200Å. The number of pores was 19.6×109cm-2 for the 13M film and 72.1×109cm-2 for the 1.5M film. (3) The rate of chemical dissolution of both 13M and 1.5M films was higher in the 1.5M H2SO4 solution than that in the 13M solution. In both solutions, the 13M film dissolved faster than the 1.5M film, due to its larger SO42- content. (4) Microvoids were found to have been produced in the barrier layer and pore walls of the 13M film by the expansion of oxide due to the incorporation of a large number of SO42- ions. Because microvoids were present in both the barrier layer and the pore walls, density and abrasion resistance were lower for the 13M film than for the 1.5M film.
Current distribution was examined by applying direct current in the vertical type electrolytic cell containing sulfuric acid with an anode of a long aluminum sheet. It was carried out by the measurement of thickness of anodic oxide coating and color difference in dyed specimens and by the observation of burnings of anode.Current distribution was more uniform when the concentration of acid was higher, the concentration of aluminum was lower, anodizing temperature was higher, anode current density was lower, and circulation velocity of electrolyte was higher. When the current density was extremely bad in uniformity, current passed through a certain point, at which burnings were produced. Shape and size of burnings would depend upon convection of heat generated on the anode. The two step raise of the current at the early stage of anodizing was effective for preventing the production of burnings. Moreover, studies were also made on the effects of arrangements of the electrodes.
Figure S5. Dose-response curves of revertant Escherichia coli strain WP2uvrA colonies following treatment with AF-2 in the absence of S9 mix (a), or with 2AA in the presence of S9 mix (b). Individual dose-response curves were generated using results produced by each participating laboratory in 2016 (different colors indicate different laboratories). The doses tested were 0.0025, 0.005, and 0.01 μg/plate for AF-2, and 2.5, 5.0, and 10 μg/plate for 2AA. (ODP 342 kb)
Non-clinical in vitro studies were conducted to investigate the characteristics of extracts from tobacco free nicotine pouches alongside a reference snus product and/or 1R6F reference cigarette. In vitro investigations were conducted in the Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) cytotoxicity assay, Bacterial Reverse Mutation (Ames) assay, and in vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus (ivMN) assay. These products were also investigated for their oral irritation potential in the EpiGingival™ 3D tissue model. Results from the Ames, in vitro Micronucleus and NRU assays indicated that the tested products were non-mutagenic, non-genotoxic and non-cytotoxic in contrast to results obtained for the 1R6F reference cigarette. Results from Complete Artificial Saliva (CAS) extracts from these products also failed to be classified as irritants (as measured using the MTT assay), in the EpiGingival™ 3D tissue model.
Abstract The efficacy of pheromone traps is affected by trap placement and pest biology, as well as by the trap and lure design. We evaluated the effect of trap height and placement in relation to surfaces on tobacco moth catches using release-capture experiments. Six traps were mounted vertically in a 9 × 15 × 4.2-5.8 m shed on a wall at heights of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 m. More catches were obtained near the ceiling and at 1 m above the floor in the dark. Catches at 1 m were negligible when light shone through the upper windows. In a 42.3 × 36.5 × 4 m tobacco warehouse, the respective efficacies of aerially suspended traps and surface-mounted traps were examined. The number of catches obtained using traps mounted on pillars was significantly higher than that obtained in traps suspended from poles. These results suggest practical considerations for monitoring in warehouses. We recommend eliminating any night lighting and placing traps on surfaces, such as walls and stored commodities, at higher positions that are within reach (1 m) to facilitate convenient inspection.
We studied the effects of fenoterol, a beta-adrenoceptor agonist, on the cytoplasmic motility of alveolar macrophages (AM) from dog lungs in vitro. Four days after the instillation of Fe3O4 particles (3 mg/kg) into the lower lobe bronchus, AM were harvested by bronchoalveolar lavage. Remanent field strength (RFS) from the AM containing Fe3O4 particles (5 x 10(6) cells) was measured immediately after magnetization. RFS decreased with time due to particle rotation (relaxation), which is related to cytoplasmic motility of AM. Fenoterol (10(-9) M to 10(-5) M) decreased the relaxation rate (lambda 0; min-1) in a concentration-dependent fashion with the maximum effect at 10(-6) M. Both forskolin (10(-6) M to 10(-4) M) and dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) (10(-3) M) mimicked fenoterol-induced inhibitory effects on lambda 0. Fenoterol and forskolin concentration-dependently increased intracellular levels of cAMP, which were parallel to decreases in lambda 0 induced by these drugs. KT 5720 (10(-5) M), a specific inhibitor of protein kinase A, significantly inhibited fenoterol (10(-6) M)-induced inhibitory effects on lambda 0 (P < 0.01). These results imply that beta-adrenergic receptor activation inhibits cytoplasmic motility of AM via increases in intracellular levels of cAMP, which may be coupled with activation of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
Aluminum and its alloys (99.98, 99.9, 99.3, 99.2, 3S, 52S, 17S, Alcoa 355, Silumin and Hydronalium) were anodized in the aqueous solution of sulfamic acid (20-50°C, 5-20wt%) with d. c., 1A/dm2. Relations between bath voltage (V) and anodizing time (T) were examined, and the formation of the porous coating on the anode was confirmed as shown in Fig. 2-17.At higher temperatures and concentrations, steady forms in V-T were obtained and uniform coatings were formed on the anodes. However, at lower temperatures and concentrations, fluctuated forms in V-T were obtained, and local corrosion of the anode could be observed.It may be considered that the weak solvent action of the electrolyte on the coating produces the compact coating at first, and then locally attacks the coating at the weak points. It is also presumable that the successive and concentrated current through these points results in local corrosion as illustrated in Fig. 18-27 and Photo 1-5.
All specimens as rusted, phosphated, and chemically treated with a 0.1M Na2MoO4-H3PO4 solution after wire-brush scratching were found to have the same BET type of adsorption isotherm by N2 adsorption. Their pore size distribution peaked at about 100nm radius, and then decreased abruptly until 500nm and thereafter slowly until 1500nm. The chemically treated wire-brush scratched rusted steel was small in specific surface area and in all pore volumes as compared with other specimens probably due to the formation of conversion coatings at exposed bare areas which have existed on the rusted surface or been caused by wire-brush scratching. It seems that sludges were adsorbed at these bare areas and caused pores to be partly clogged.
