ÖzMikroorganizma topluluklarının besine ulaşım ve savunma amaçlı ortak yaşam tarzını ifade eden biyofilmlerin dezenfektan ve antibiyotiklere karşı geliştirdiği direnç, bu mikrobiyal topluluklar ile savaşmak için farklı yöntemlerin uygulanması konusunda araştırmalar yapılmasını gerektirmiştir.Ürettikleri hücre dışı polimerik maddelerden oluşan matrise gömülü olarak yaşayan biyofilm toplulukları bulundukları yüzeye güçlü bir şekilde yapıştığından ortamdan uzaklaştırılmaları güçleşmektedir.Gıda kaynaklı hastalıklara sebep olan mikroorganizmalar biyofilm oluşturarak yüzeylerde yaşamlarını sürdürebilmektedirler
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains cause severe infections; therefore, they are considered an important food pathogen in terms of public health. Recent studies have shown that, in addition to O157:H7, serotypes O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145, which are briefly called the big six, are responsible for a significant part of the diseases caused by EHEC serotypes. However, there is no satisfying data on the prevalence of EHEC serotypes other than O157 in Türkiye, especially in ruminants, which are accepted as the main reservoirs for EHECs. In this context, the aims of this study were to determine the presence of the six most important EHEC serotypes (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) for public health in cattle and sheep from six different regions representing almost the whole of Türkiye and to detect the phenotypic and virulence gene characteristics of the isolates to understand their importance in terms of public health.For these purposes, 1440 fleece/skin swab, 1440 RAMS, and 1440 carcass swab samples from 720 sheep and 720 cattle during slaughtering were collected from six different regions in Türkiye. Out of 4320 samples, 5829 suspicious EHEC colonies were isolated from positive samples, and 182 of them were confirmed as EHEC by PCR analysis. According to the serotype analyses, two of the isolates were determined as O121:H19, one as O26:H11, and one as O45:H2. All big six isolates were identified from bovine RAMS samples. The stx, intimin, virulence, and adherence genes of the isolates were detected by PCR, and it was determined that the isolates harbored at least one stx gene. The clonal similarity of the O26:H11, O45:H2, and O121:H19 isolates was determined by PFGE and whole genome sequence analysis.This is the first comprehensive study and report about the presence and characteristics of the big six EHEC serotypes in cattle and sheep in Türkiye. The presence of virulence genes harboring the big six serotypes among the isolated EHECs was noteworthy. However, the fact that the EHEC big six serotypes have not yet been associated with human cases leads to an inability to understand the importance of the situation in terms of public health. In this context, the current study can be considered a preliminary study of a national monitoring program that should be carried out in Türkiye and has demonstrated the importance of revealing the relationship between human cases and food isolates.
ES involves transmitting an electrical current through the carcasses of freshly slaughtered animals . This electrical current leads muscle contraction and accelerates postmortem glycolysis by the depletion of the energy reserves in the muscle, thereby decreasing the risk of cold shortening . The ability of ES to enhance the quality of meat has been observed in several studies . However, some reports conclude that there has been no improvement in the meat quality by applying ES . In the last three decades, ES has received considerable attention for improving the Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 15 (3): 461-464, 2009 DOI:10.9775/kvfd.2008.129-A SHORT COMMUNICATION
A total of 100 rice samples were collected from five provinces (Kars, Agri, Erzurum, Igdir, and Ardahan) in eastern Turkey. Samples were investigated for total aflatoxin (AF), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and ochratoxin A (OTA) levels. The results show that AF levels in 65 (65.0%), AFB1 levels in 35 (35.0%), and OTA levels in 38 (38.0%) of 100 samples were higher than the detection limits. AF and AFB1 levels in all samples were at tolerable limits. OTA levels in 3 samples have been found higher than the legal limits. The highest OTA level in the samples was found in winter season due to climatic conditions, especially relative humidity. Additionally, rice is mainly contaminated by AF, AFB1 and OTA. In Turkey, contamination in rice could be a relatively critical point for human health. Therefore, it is necessary to have an appropriate method for cereal preservation during distribution to consumers and markets.
Abstract This study is designed to determine Salmonella prevalence in organic poultry farms and slaughterhouse in three different regions with distinct seasonal characteristics. Salmonella strains were isolated from organic reared poultry farm environment (water, feed, and feces) and poultry meat samples (neck skin and breast meat). Antibiotic resistance and 16S rRNA profiles were demonstrated with alignment scores. Salmonella spp. prevalences according to regions were, 51 of 200 (25.50%) samples taken from Region A, 77 of 200 (38.50%) samples taken from Region B, 105 of 200 (52.50%) samples taken from Region C. Serotyping of the strains revealed that S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis are the most dormant strains among all strains. Antibiotic susceptibility of the strains revealed that major resistance against ampicillin. This study is held for an awareness rising about the possible impact of seasonality related with food borne pathogens prevalence. Practical applications Poultry meat and meat products account for approximately one‐third of all Salmonella infections in humans. The relation between environmental temperature and foodborne pathogens is a complex matter, which has not been investigated widely and is hard to predict. The data obtained in this study indicate a significant high prevalence in warm region, which may be evaluated as a possible key for environmental temperature effect on foodborne pathogens distribution in organically reared poultry. In addition, this study provides important information to show the sources of contamination steps ranging from farm to fork in organically reared poultry.
