The environmental monitoring program at the Savannah River Plant (SRP) provides reliable measurement of radioactive materials both released at the source (approximately 40 locations) and concentrated in the environment (approximately 500 locations). In recent years, water quality testing and analysis have become an essential part of the environmental monitoring program. Aqueous discharges to plant streams are monitored for nonradioactive materials by chemical analyses of water sampled in flowing streams (approximately 25 locations). A brief discussion of plant releases to the environment and radioactive and nonradioactive materials detected in the environment are presented in the following text, figures, and tables. The appendices contain an interpretation of data treatment, tables of results of environmental sample analyses, sensitivities of laboratory analyses, and maps of sampling locations.
The archaeology of Africa is littered with migration narratives. Migration events from Africa have shaped global history, from the hominin dispersal ‘Out of Africa’ to more recent forced exodus. Despite this prominence and seeming ubiquity, African archaeology has often had a complicated and contested relationship with migration and it remains a potentially divisive issue. Introducing some of the key trends in archaeological approaches to migration, this article outlines some of the past archaeological uses of migration paradigms, and explores theoretical and methodological issues associated with its application to African archaeological contexts. Global archaeology is slowly re-engaging with migration as an explanatory device. Migration is clearly a central dynamic within African society. Researchers need to develop new theoretical approaches to migration, making it much clearer what is meant by the term, as well as reviewing how it is identified archaeologically.
This paper applies insights from the ‘mobilities turn’ (Hannam et al. 2006 Hannam, K., Sheller, M. and Urry, J. 2006. “Editorial: mobilities, immobilities and moorings.” Mobilities 1: 1–22.[Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) or ‘new mobilities paradigm’ (Sheller and Urry 2006 Sheller, M. and Urry, J. 2006. “The new mobilities paradigm.” Environment and Planning A 38: 207–226. doi: 10.1068/a37268[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) to the archaeology of social complexity in thirteenth-century southern Africa. To date, research on this topic has typically tended to emphasise the role of mooring and place, with movement only regarded parenthetically. In contrast, the mobilities turn views mobility as a fundamental way of existing in the world, whereby movement, as well as stillness, are practices imbued with representation and meaning. This interpretive frame is brought to bear on new research conducted on a concentration of sites in the Maremani Nature Reserve, as well as previously published material from the sites of Stayt and Mutamba, South Africa. Our results illustrate the manner in which political power intersects with the mobility of people, objects and ideas and show how the mobility of people and things was active in the creation of communities at multiple spatial and conceptual scales. The diverse communities that occupied the Middle River Limpopo Valley were co-constituted within a complex network in which peripheral sites played an important role in maintaining political centres. The paper explores how communities articulated with the ‘imagined’ community of Mapungubwe through shared practices and material culture.
This report summarizes releases of radioactive waste to the environs of the Savannah River Plant during the calendar year 1969. Total quantities of radioactive waste released from plant startup through 1969 are also reported. Accuracy is not always implied to the degree indicated by the number of significant figures reported. Values were not rounded off, since data will be used in future cumulative summaries. No explanations are given for unusual releases; this information may be found in the Radiological Sciences Division Monthly Reports and in the Semi-annual and Annual Environmental Monitoring Reports for 1969.
This report summarizes results obtained from the environmental monitoring program at the Savannah River Plant during 1973. A brief discussion of plant releases to the environment and radioactivity detected in the environment is presented in the text and tables. The appendix contains tables of results from environmental sample analyses, sensitivities of laboratory analyses, and maps of sampling locations.
An extensive surveillance program has been maintained since 1951 to determine the concentrations of radionuclides in a 1200 square mile area in the environs of the plant and the radiation exposure of the population resulting from SRP operations. This document summarizes the 1979 results. The radiation dose at the plant perimeter and the population dose in the region from SRP operations are very small relative to the dose recieved from naturally occurring radiation. The annual average dose in 1979 from atmospheric releases of radioactive materials was 0.71 mrem at the perimeter (1% of natural background). The maximum dose at the plant perimeter was 0.97 mrem. Air and water are the major dispersal media for radioactive emissions. Samples representing most segments of the environment were monitored. Releases of radioactivity from SRP had a very small effect on living plants and animals and were too minute to be detectable, and with a few exceptions, concentrations outside the plant boundary were too low to distinguish from the natural radioactive background and continuing worldwide fallout from nuclear weapons tests. 40 figures, 60 tables. (MF)
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