Processing is the main characteristic of the products used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and this is how they differ from natural medicines. The characteristics of the medicines used in TCM have rich scientific connotations. Because of the complexity and diversity of TCM, the processing mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In recent years, the theory of component structure has been put forward and applied to guide TCM research, resulting in substantial progress. This paper presents a systematic review of mechanism research in TCM processing. It can be used as a reference of the ideas and methods of component structure theory for studying component content changes caused by processing, for studying in vivo changes in components caused by processing, for studying the effects and toxicity changes in components caused by processing, for studying metabolic changes of components caused by processing, and for developing component structure theory in the study of the mechanism of TCM processing. Combining component structure theory with various new methods and technologies will enable better understanding of the processing mechanisms of TCM and speed up the modernization of TCM.
Conventional and most optimal design methods for chiller plants often address the annual cooling load distribution of buildings and their peak cooling loads based on typical meteorological year (TMY) data, while the peak cooling load only appears a few times during the life-cycle and the sized chiller plant usually operates within its low efficient region. In this paper, a robust optimal design method based on life-cycle total cost was employed to optimize the design of a chiller plant with quantified analysis of uncertainty and reliability. By using the proposed design method, the optimized chiller plant can operate at its highly efficient region under various cooling load conditions, and provide sufficient cooling capacity even alongside some equipment/systems with failures. The minimum life-cycle total cost, which consists of the capital cost, operation, and availability-risk cost, can be achieved through optimizing the total cooling capacity and the numbers/sizes of chillers. A case study was conducted to illustrate the detailed implementation process of the proposed method. The performance of this design method was evaluated by comparing with that of other design methods.
In the recent years the problem of exhaust pollution and noise caused by urban ground traffic is very serious. Numerous practices prove that the underground traffic planning is a potential solution to this problem. This paper optimizes the planning and designing of a sunken road in China by combining fundamental theory of underground space planning with up-to-date computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology. The results of this study show that the sunken road plan has been substantially improved by adopting CFD. The results of CFD modeling provide a basis for quantitively evaluating the environmental benefits of sunken road plan and useful lessons for many similar underground projects.
In the underground space development of residential areas, outdoor thermal environments at the pedestrian level greatly depend on the ground greening configuration, which is in turn affected by the overburden thickness of the underground space (OTUS). However, few studies have considered the effects of OTUS on the ground greening configuration and the further effects of the ground greening configuration on the outdoor thermal environment. This study aimed to provide insights into the design of OTUS for improving outdoor thermal environments. Two residential areas with row and enclosed layouts in Nanjing, China, were numerically studied using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation software ENVI-met. Outdoor thermal environments in the two residential areas, which had the same greening coverage rate, were simulated under different OTUSs and ground green configurations. The results indicate that to create a comfortable outdoor thermal environment, the OTUS should be designed to satisfy the requirement for planting small trees. If this requirement cannot be adequately satisfied, individuals can also set up tree wells or add soil on top of underground structures to plant small trees, and establish an OTUS that can satisfy the requirement of planting large shrubs in other areas.
This study presents an optimization method of sensor layout to improve identification accuracy of indoor contaminant sources. The method integrates an index, the performance of sensor layout (PSL), with a two-step screening procedure to determine sensor layouts that have potential to achieve relatively high levels of accuracy in source identification. Using the PSL, the performance of each possible sensor layout can be predicted and evaluated, and therefore the optimization method can be performed without running a source identification model. The relationship between source identification accuracy and sensor layout was revealed through case studies in a three-dimensional office. The optimization method was demonstrated and validated by two cases in the same office, which includes optimization of sensor layouts with one and five sensors. The case studies indicate that the presented method can significantly improve source identification accuracy. The influencing factors of optimization results were discussed, and the methods to exclude unexpected optimization results were proposed.
Natural gas storages in salt caverns are receiving an increasingly important role in energy storage system of many countries. This study focuses on analyzing the consequence of jet fire associated with natural gas storages in salt caverns. A widely used software, ALOHA, was adopted as simulation tool. The reliability of ALOHA was validated by comparing the simulated results with the field data observed in real accidents and the values calculated by a simple model presented in a previous study. The China's first natural gas storage in salt cavern, Jintan natural gas storage, was selected for case study. The case study reveals that the hazard distance of jet fire decreased with the increase of pipeline length, as well as the decrease of pipeline diameter and operating pressure.
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